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| 苏族 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 总人口 | |
| 170,110[1] | |
| 分布地区 | |
| 美国南达科他州、明尼苏达州、内布拉斯加州、蒙大拿州、北达科他州、艾奥瓦州、威斯康辛州、伊利诺伊州、怀俄明州；加拿大马尼托巴省、萨斯喀彻温省、艾伯塔省 | |
| 语言 | |
| 苏族语（拉科塔语及达科塔语）、阿西尼博因语、斯托尼语、英语 | |
| 宗教信仰 | |
| 基督教（含综摄成分）；苏族传统信仰 | |
| 相关族群 | |
| 阿西尼博因人、达科塔人、拉科塔人、斯托尼纳科塔人等操苏族语者 |
苏族（英语：Sioux /ˈsuː/）是北美洲的一支原住民部族。狭义上的苏族指“大苏民族”成员，而广义上可指一切操各苏族语族语言的人。
苏族主要依语言差别分为三大族群：达科塔人、拉科塔人和纳科塔人。达科塔人可分为两大支族，一是桑蒂达科塔人（Isáŋyathi；“匕首”），因其相对地理位置又被称为“东达科塔人”，居住于明尼苏达州和艾奥瓦州；二是扬克顿人及扬克顿内人（Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ及Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna；“尽头处的村庄”及“尽头处的小村庄”），自称为威奇耶纳（Wičhíyena），居住于明尼苏达河流域，又因地理位置被称为中部苏族或西达科塔人，过去曾被错误地识别为纳科塔人。纳科塔人居住于加拿大西部和美国蒙大拿州，包括阿西尼博因人和斯托尼纳科塔人。拉科塔族又称“特顿”（Thítȟuŋwaŋ；或意为“大草原上的居民”），是居住地最靠西的苏族族群，以其狩猎及战斗文化而著称。
如今，苏人在美国南达科他州、明尼苏达州、内布拉斯加州、蒙大拿州和北达科他州，以及加拿大马尼托巴省、萨斯喀彻温省和艾伯塔省保有多个保留地及社区，并建有部落政府。
名称 编辑
“苏族”是英文Sioux一词的音译。“Sioux”一词于18世纪60年代自法语引进，为“Nadouessioux”一词的简写，最早由法国人让·尼科莱使用[2]，有来源指该词源于欧及布威语中“小蛇”一词[3]。词尾-x为法语的名词复数后缀[4]。另一种解释指该词来源于阿尔冈昆语族词组“na·towe·ssiw”（复数形式“na·towe·ssiwak”），是动词“*-a·towe·”（“操外语”）的派生词[4]。现今欧及布威族对苏人的称呼为“Bwaanag”（单数形式“Bwaan”），意为“烘烤者”，或因苏人的烹饪风格而得名[5][6]。
一些苏族族群拥有正式和非正式的各种自称，如蔷薇花蕾部落的自称“Sičháŋǧu Oyáte”和奥格拉拉部落的自称“Oglála Lakȟóta Oyáte”。而奥格拉拉部落在英语中除“Oglala”的拼写形式以外，亦包括“Ogallala”的形式，而后者通常被认为是不恰当的[2]。
历史上苏族称自身的广大族群为“Očhéthi Šakówiŋ”[oˈtʃʰetʰi ʃaˈkowĩ]，意为“七把火议会”，“火”代表苏族的每个部族（Oyate）。这个概念在英文中对应为“大苏民族”。这七个部族包括姆德瓦坎顿人（Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ）、瓦佩顿人（Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ）、瓦佩库蒂人（Waȟpékhute）、西塞顿（Sisíthuŋwaŋ）、扬克顿人（Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ）、扬克顿内人（Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna）和特顿人（Thítȟuŋwaŋ）[2]。七个部族的代表每年将举行会议，以维持亲缘关系、讨论部落事务，以及参与日舞仪式[7]。苏族的四位领袖（Wičháša Yatápika）便在这七个部族的领袖中选举出来[7]。对于一个酋长来说，成为这四大领袖之一是莫大的荣誉，但是这不代表他们拥有至高权力，因为苏族联盟的年会意味着所有的酋长和领袖都将参与到部落事务和部族管理当中。七把火议会的最后一次会议开办于1850年[7]。
现如今，特顿人、桑蒂人和扬克顿（内）人通常分别被称为拉科塔人、东达科塔人和西达科塔人[2][8]，“拉科塔”和“达科塔”皆为“朋友”“盟友”之意。
历史 编辑
与欧洲人的首次接触 编辑
达科塔人是首个有记载的居住于密西西比河源头的民族[9]。17世纪时，他们居于今日的威斯康辛州及明尼苏达州一带，自18世纪起有部分移民至今日的南达科他州[10]。17世纪晚期，达科塔人同法国商人结盟[11]，当时法国人正试图在与英格兰人的毛皮贸易尽量赢取更多优势，后者建立了著名的哈德逊湾公司。
苏人和法国人首次有记录的邂逅发生于1659年至1660年冬季，当时法国探险家皮埃尔-埃斯普里·拉迪松和梅达尔·德格罗斯耶尔抵达了今日的威斯康辛州。后来到访的法籍商人及传教士还包括克洛德-让·阿卢埃、丹尼尔·格雷索隆和皮埃尔-夏尔·勒叙厄尔等[12]，其中勒叙厄尔曾于1700年和一支达科塔部族一同过冬。1736年，让·巴普蒂斯特·德拉韦伦德里及其20名部下于伍兹湖中一岛上被苏族部族杀害[13]。但法国人与苏人的贸易来往一直持续，直至1763年法国放弃北美事业才告一段落。
Relationship with Pawnees 编辑
Author and historian Mark van de Logt wrote: "Although military historians tend to reserve the concept of "total war" for conflicts between modern industrial nations, the term nevertheless most closely approaches the state of affairs between the Pawnees and the Sioux and Cheyennes. Both sides directed their actions not solely against warrior-combatants but against the people as a whole. Noncombatants were legitimate targets. ... It is within this context that the military service of the Pawnee Scouts must be viewed."[14]
The battle of Massacre Canyon on August 5, 1873, was the last major battle between the Pawnee and the Sioux.[15]
Dakota War of 1862 编辑
By 1862, shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders would not issue any more credit to the Santee and one trader, Andrew Myrick, went so far as to say, "If they're hungry, let them eat grass."[16] On August 17, 1862 the Dakota War began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family. They inspired further attacks on white settlements along the Minnesota River. The Santee attacked the trading post. Later settlers found Myrick among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass.[17]
On November 5, 1862 in Minnesota, in courts-martial, 303 Santee Sioux were found guilty of rape and murder of hundreds of American settlers. They were sentenced to be hanged. No attorneys or witnesses were allowed as a defense for the accused, and many were convicted in less than five minutes of court time with the judge.[18] President Abraham Lincoln commuted the death sentences of 284 of the warriors, while signing off on the hanging of 38 Santee men on December 26, 1862 in Mankato, Minnesota. It was the largest mass-execution in U.S. history.[19]
Afterwards, the US suspended treaty annuities to the Dakota for four years and awarded the money to the white victims and their families. The men remanded by order of President Lincoln were sent to a prison in Iowa, where more than half died.[18]
During and after the revolt, many Santee and their kin fled Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to Canada, or settled in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri.[18] A few joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military.[18]
Others were able to remain in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations existing into the 21st century, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some ended up in Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Reservation today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri.
Those who fled to Canada now have descendants residing on nine small Dakota Reserves, five of which are located in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.
Red Cloud's War 编辑
Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States Army in the Wyoming Territory and the Montana Territory from 1866 to 1868. The war was fought over control of the Powder River Country in north central Wyoming.
The war is named after Red Cloud, a prominent Sioux chief who led the war against the United States following encroachment into the area by the U.S. military. The war ended with the Treaty of Fort Laramie. The Sioux victory in the war led to their temporarily preserving their control of the Powder River country.[20]
Great Sioux War of 1876 编辑
The Great Sioux War of 1876 comprised a series of battles between the Lakota and allied tribes such as the Cheyenne against the United States military. The earliest engagement was the Battle of Powder River, and the final battle was the Wolf Mountain. Included are the Battle of the Rosebud, Battle of the Little Bighorn, Battle of Warbonnet Creek, Battle of Slim Buttes, Battle of Cedar Creek, and the Dull Knife Fight. The Great Sioux War of 1876–77 was also known as the Black Hills War, and was centered on the Lakota tribes of the Sioux, although several[谁？] natives believe that the primary target of the United States military was the Northern Cheyenne tribe. The series of battles occurred in Montana territory, Dakota territory, and Wyoming territory, and resulted in a victory for the United States military.
Wounded Knee Massacre 编辑
The massacre at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States. It was described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.[21]
On December 29, 1890, five hundred troops of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, supported by four Hotchkiss guns (a lightweight artillery piece capable of rapid fire), surrounded an encampment of the Lakota bands of the Miniconjou and Hunkpapa [22] with orders to escort them to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska.
By the time it was over, 25 troopers and more than 150 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including men, women, and children. It remains unknown which side was responsible for the first shot; some of the soldiers are believed to have been the victims of "friendly fire" because the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions.[23] Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, many of whom may have died from hypothermia.[来源请求]
Reservations and reserves 编辑
In the late 19th century, railroads wanted to build tracks through Indian lands. The railroad companies hired hunters to exterminate the bison herds, the Plains Indians' primary food supply. The Dakota and Lakota were forced to accept US-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands and farming and ranching of domestic cattle, as opposed to a nomadic, hunting economy. During the first years of the Reservation Era, the Sioux people depended upon annual federal payments guaranteed by treaty for survival.
In Minnesota, the treaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota in 1851 left the Dakota with a reservation 20英里（32千米） wide on each side of the Minnesota River.
Today, half of all enrolled Sioux in the United States live off reservation. Enrolled members in any of the Sioux tribes in the United States are required to have ancestry that is at least 1/4 degree Sioux (the equivalent to one grandparent).[24]
In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes the tribal community as First Nations. The land holdings of these First Nations are called Indian reserves.
Modern reservations, reserves, and communities 编辑
- Reserves shared with other First Nations
20th century activism 编辑
Wounded Knee incident 编辑
Beginning in the late 1960s, young Native Americans began to agitate for improved conditions, respect for their civil rights, and better programs in education and economic development. Dramatic protests were conceived and carried out, such as the occupation of Alcatraz Island in California.
The Wounded Knee incident began February 27, 1973 when the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota was seized by followers of the American Indian Movement. The occupiers controlled the town for 71 days while various state and federal law enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the United States Marshals Service laid siege. Two members of A.I.M. were killed by gunfire during the incident.
Republic of Lakotah 编辑
The Lakota Freedom Delegation, a group of controversial Native American activists, declared on December 19, 2007 the Lakota were withdrawing from all treaties signed with the United States to regain sovereignty over their nation. One of the activists, Russell Means, claimed that the action is legal and cites natural, international and US law.[25] The group considers Lakota to be a sovereign nation, although as yet the state is generally unrecognized. The proposed borders reclaim thousands of square kilometres of North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana.[26]
Current activism 编辑
The Lakota made national news when NPR's "Lost Children, Shattered Families investigative story aired. It exposed what many critics consider to be the "kidnapping" of Lakota children from their homes by the state of South Dakota's Department of Social Services (D.S.S.). Lakota activists such as Madonna Thunder Hawk and Chase Iron Eyes, along with the People's Law Project, have alleged that Lakota grandmothers are illegally denied the right to foster their own grandchildren. They are currently working to redirect federal funding away from the state of South Dakota's D.S.S. to new tribal foster care programs. This would be a historic shift away from the state's traditional control over Lakota foster children.
In early 2014 a Lakota group launched MazaCoin, a digital currency that is claimed to be the "national currency of the traditional Lakota Nation".
Protest against the Dakota Access oil pipeline 编辑
In the summer of 2016, Sioux Indians and the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe began a protest against construction of the Dakota Access oil pipeline, also known as the Bakken pipeline, which, if completed, is designed to carry hydrofracked crude oil from the Bakken oil fiels of North Dakota to the oil storage and transfer hub of Patoka, Illinois.[27] The pipeline travels only half a mile north of the Standing Rock Sioux reservation and is designed to pass underneath the Missouri River and upstream of the reservation, causing many concerns over the tribe's drinking water safety, environmental protection, and harmful impacts on culture.[28][29] The pipeline company claims that the pipeline will provide jobs, reduce American dependence on foreign oil and reduce the price of gas.[来源请求]
The conflict sparked a nationwide debate and much news media coverage. Thousands of indigenous and non-indigenous supporters joined the protest, and several camp sites were set up south of the construction zone. The protest was peaceful, and alcohol, drugs and firearms were not allowed at the campsite or the protest site. [30] On August 23, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe released a list of 87 tribal governments who wrote resolutions, proclamations and letters of support stating their solidarity with Standing Rock and the Sioux people.[31] Since then, many more Native American organizations, environmental groups and civil rights groups have joined the effort in North Dakota, including the Black Lives Matter movement, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, the 2016 Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein and her running mate Ajamu Baraka, and many more.[32] The Washington Post called it a "National movement for Native Americans."[33]
Political organization 编辑
The historical political organization was based on individual participation and the cooperation of many to sustain the tribe's way of life. Leaders were chosen based upon noble birth and demonstrations of chiefly virtues, such as bravery, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom.[7]
- Political leaders were members of the Načá Omníčiye society and decided matters of tribal hunts, camp movements, whether to make war or peace with their neighbors, or any other community action.[34]
- Societies were similar to fraternities; men joined to raise their position in the tribe. Societies were composed of smaller clans and varied in number among the seven divisions.[7] There were two types of societies: Akíčhita, for the younger men, and Načá, for elders and former leaders.[7]
- Akíčhita (Warrior) societies existed to train warriors, hunters, and to police the community.[34] There were many smaller Akíčhita societies, including the Kit-Fox, Strong Heart, Elk, and so on.[34]
- Leaders in the Načá societies, per Načá Omníčiye, were the tribal elders and leaders. They elected seven to ten men, depending on the division, each referred to as Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ ("chief man"). Each Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ interpreted and enforced the decisions of the Načá.[34]
- The Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ would elect two to four Shirt Wearers, who were the voice of the society. They settled quarrels among families and also foreign nations.[7] Shirt Wearers were often young men from families with hereditary claims of leadership. However, men with obscure parents who displayed outstanding leaderships skills and had earned the respect of the community might also be elected. Crazy Horse is an example of a common-born "Shirt Wearer".[7]
- A Wakíčhuŋza ("Pipe Holder") ranked below the "Shirt Wearers". The Pipe Holders regulated peace ceremonies, selected camp locations, and supervised the Akíčhita societies during buffalo hunts.[34]
Linguistics 编辑
The Sioux comprise three closely related language groups:
- Eastern Dakota (also known as Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta)
- Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute)
- Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ)
- Western Dakota (or Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta)
- Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ)
- Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna)
- Lakota (or Lakȟóta, Teton, Teton Sioux)
The earlier linguistic three-way division of the Sioux language identified Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota as dialects of a single language, where Lakota = Teton, Dakota = Santee-Sisseton and Nakota = Yankton-Yanktonai.[35] However, the latest studies [8][36] show that Yankton-Yanktonai never used the autonym Nakhóta, but pronounced their name roughly the same as the Santee (i.e. Dakȟóta).
These later studies identify Assiniboine and Stoney as two separate languages, with Sioux being the third language. Sioux has three similar dialects: Lakota, Western Dakota (Yankton-Yanktonai) and Eastern Dakota (Santee-Sisseton). Assiniboine and Stoney speakers refer to themselves as Nakhóta or Nakhóda[8] (cf. Nakota).
The term Dakota has also been applied by anthropologists and governmental departments to refer to all Sioux groups, resulting in names such as Teton Dakota, Santee Dakota, etc. This was mainly because of the misrepresented translation of the Ottawa word from which Sioux is derived.[7]
Modern geographic divisions 编辑
The Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and Alberta in Canada.
The earliest known European record of the Sioux identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.[35] After the introduction of the horse in the early 18th century, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present day Central Canada to the Platte River, from Minnesota to the Yellowstone River, including the Powder River country.[34]
Santee (Isáŋyathi or Eastern Dakota) 编辑
The Santee migrated north and westward from the Southeastern United States, first into Ohio, then to Minnesota. Some came up from the Santee River and Lake Marion, area of South Carolina. The Santee River was named after them, and some of their ancestors' ancient earthwork mounds have survived along the portion of the dammed-up river that forms Lake Marion. In the past, they were a Woodland people who thrived on hunting, fishing and farming.
Migrations of Ojibwe from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward. The US gave the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the Mississippi River and up to its headwaters.[35]
Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota) 编辑
The Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, also known by the anglicized spelling Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ: "End village") and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna: "Little end village") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to Nasunatanka and Matononpa in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina).[35]
They were involved in quarrying pipestone. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the Mankato region of Minnesota.[37]
Lakota (Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ) 编辑
The Sioux likely obtained horses sometime during the seventeenth century (although some historians date the arrival of horses in South Dakota to 1720, and credit the Cheyenne with introducing horse culture to the Lakota). The Teton (Lakota) division of the Sioux emerged as a result of this introduction. Dominating the northern Great Plains with their light cavalry, the western Sioux quickly expanded their territory further to the Rocky Mountains (which they call Heska, "white mountains"). The Lakota once subsisted on the bison hunt, and on corn. They acquired corn mostly through trade with the eastern Sioux and their linguistic cousins, the Mandan and Hidatsa along the Missouri River.[35] The name Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ is archaic among the people, who prefer to call themselves Lakȟóta.[8]
Ethnic divisions 编辑
The Sioux are divided into three ethnic groups, the larger of which are divided into sub-groups, and further branched into bands.
- The Santee live on reservations, reserves, and communities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada. However, after the Dakota war of 1862 many Santee were sent to Crow Creek Indian Reservation and in 1864 some from the Crow Creek Reservation were sent to the Santee Sioux Reservation.
- Most of the Yanktons live on the Yankton Indian Reservation in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yankton live on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation and Crow Creek Indian Reservation. The Yanktonai are divided into Lower Yanktonai, who occupy the Crow Creek Reservation; and Upper Yanktonai, who live in the northern part of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, on the Spirit Lake Tribe in central North Dakota, and in the eastern half of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeastern Montana. In addition, they reside at several Canadian reserves, including Birdtail, Oak Lake, and Moose Woods.[8]
- The Lakota are the westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota.
Today, many Sioux also live outside their reservations.
- Santee division (Eastern Dakota) (Isáŋyathi)[8]
- Mdewakantonwan (Bdewékhaŋthuŋwaŋ "Spirit Lake Village")[8]
- notable persons: Little Crow
- Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, perhaps meaning "Fishing Grounds Village")
- Wahpekute (Waȟpékhute, "Leaf Archers")[8]
- notable persons: Inkpaduta
- Wahpetonwan (Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, "Leaf Village")[8]
- Mdewakantonwan (Bdewékhaŋthuŋwaŋ "Spirit Lake Village")[8]
- Yankton-Yanktonai division (Western Dakota) (Wičhíyena)
- Teton division (Lakota) (Thítȟuŋwaŋ,[8] perhaps meaning "Dwellers on the Prairie"):
- Oglála (perhaps meaning "Those Who Scatter Their Own")
- notable persons: Crazy Horse, Red Cloud, Black Elk, Blue Horse, Iron Tail, Flying Hawk and Billy Mills (Olympian)
- Hunkpapa (Húŋkpapȟa,[8] meaning "Those who Camp by the Door" or "Wanderers")
- notable persons: Sitting Bull
- Sihasapa (Sihásapa, "Blackfoot Sioux,"[8] not to be confused with the Algonquian-speaking Piegan Blackfeet)
- Miniconjou (Mnikȟówožu, "Those who Plant by Water")[8]
- notable persons: Lone Horn, Touch the Clouds
- Brulé (French translation of Sičháŋǧu, "Burned Thigh")[8]
- Sans Arc (French translation of Itázipčho, "Those Without Bows")[8]
- Two Kettles (Oóhenupa, "Two Boilings")[8]
- Oglála (perhaps meaning "Those Who Scatter Their Own")
In popular media 编辑
- The Richard Harris film A Man Called Horse and its two sequels are fictional accounts of Sioux people
- The HBO movie Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee depicts the relocation and reservations of the people from the Sioux perspective, based on the book by Dee Brown.
- The films Dances with Wolves and Thunderheart contain fictional depictions of the Sioux People.
名人 编辑
历史名人 编辑
- Šóta (Old Chief Smoke) — an original Oglala Lakota head chief
- Siŋté Glešká (Spotted Tail) — Brulé chief who resisted joining Red Cloud's War
- Thaóyate Dúta (Little Crow/His Red Nation) — Mdewakanton Dakota chief and warrior
- Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake (Sitting Bull) — Famous Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man
- Tȟašúŋke Witkó (Crazy Horse) — Famous Oglala Lakota warrior
- Maȟpíya Ičáȟtagye (Touch the Clouds) – Minneconjou Lakota chief and warrior
- Maȟpíya Lúta (Red Cloud) — Famous Oglala Lakota chief and spokesperson
- Heȟáka Sápa (Black Elk) — Famous Oglala Lakota medicine and holy man
- Ité Omáǧažu (Rain-in-the-Face) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief
- Tȟáȟča Hušté (Lame Deer) — Mineconju Lakota holy man and spiritual preserver
- Wí Sápa (Black Moon) — Miniconjou Lakota chief
- Matȟó Héȟloǧeča (Hollow Horn Bear) — Sicangu (Brulé) Lakota leader
- Phizí (Gall) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief
- Ógle Lúta (Red Shirt) — Oglala Lakota warrior and chief
- Inkpáduta (Scarlet Point/Red End) — Wahpekute Dakota war chief
- Waŋbdí Tháŋka (Big Eagle) — Mdewakanton Dakota chief
- Tamaha (One Eye/Standing Moose) — Mdewekanton Dakota chief
- Óta Kté (Luther Standing Bear/Plenty Kill) — Oglala Lakota writer and actor
- Núŋp Kaȟpá (Two Strike) — Sicangu Lakota chief
- Čhetáŋ Sápa (Black Hawk) — Itázipčho Lakota ledger artist
- Tȟatȟóka Íŋyaŋke (Running Antelope) — Hunkpapa Lakota chief
- Matȟó Watȟákpe (John Grass/Charging Bear) — Sihasapa Lakota chief
- Tȟatȟáŋka Ská (White Bull) — Miniconjou Lakota warrior and nephew of Sitting Bull
- Waŋblí Kté (Kill Eagle) — Sihasapa Lakota warrior and leader
- Šúŋkawakȟáŋ Tȟó (Blue Horse) — Oglala chief, warrior, educator and statesman
- Matȟó Wayúhi (Conquering Bear) — Sičháŋǧu Lakota chief
- Čhetáŋ Kiŋyáŋ (Flying Hawk) — Oglala Lakota chief, philosopher, and historian
- Matȟó Wanáȟtake (Kicking Bear) — Oglala born Miniconjou Lakota warrior and chief
- Uŋpȟáŋ Glešká (Spotted Elk/Big Foot) — Miniconjou Lakota chief
- Hé Waŋžíča (Lone Horn) — Miniconjou Lakota chief
- Kȟaŋǧí Yátapi (Crow King/Medicine Bag That Burns) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief
- Wičháša Tȟáŋkala (Little Big Man/Charging Bear) — Oglala Lakota Warrior
- Šúŋka Khúčiyela (Low Dog) — Oglala Lakota chief and warrior
- Wašíčuŋ Tȟašúŋke (American Horse) ("The Younger") — Oglala Lakota Chief
- Wašíčuŋ Tȟašúŋke (American Horse) ("The Elder") — Oglala Lakota Chief
- Tȟašúŋke Kȟokípȟapi (Young Man Afraid Of His Horses) — Oglala Lakota Chief
- Ištáȟba (Sleepy Eye) — Sisseton Dakota chief
- Ohíyes’a (Charles Eastman) — Author, physician and reformer
- Colonel Gregory "Pappy" Boyington — World War II Fighter Ace and Medal of Honor recipient; 1/4 Sioux
- Charging Thunder (1877–1929), Blackfoot Sioux chief who was part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show in 1903, but remained in England when the show returned to America. He married Josephine, an American horse trainer who had just given birth to their first child, Bessie, and together they settled in Darwen, before moving to Gorton. His name became George Edward Williams, after registering with the British immigration authorities to enable him to find work. Williams ended up working at the Belle Vue Zoo as an elephant keeper. He died from pneumonia on July 28, 1929. His interment was at Gorton's cemetery.
- Óta Kté (Luther Standing Bear) — Author, educator, philosopher and actor
- Ziŋtkála-Šá (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) — Author, educator, musician and political activist
当代存续部族 编辑
Contemporary Sioux people are listed under the tribes to which they belong.
依部落及保护区排序 编辑
- Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation
- Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of the Cheyenne River Reservation
- Crow Creek Sioux Tribe of the Crow Creek Reservation
- Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe
- Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation
- Rosebud Sioux Tribe of the Rosebud Indian Reservation
- Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
- Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate
- Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota
- Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota
Legacy 编辑
A Manitoba Historical Plaque was erected at the Spruce Woods Provincial Park by the province to commemorate Assiniboin (Nakota) First Nation's role in Manitoba's heritage.[39]
References 编辑
- ^ Norris, Tina; Vines, Paula L.; Hoeffel, Elizabeth M. The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010 (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. January 2012 [9 September 2012].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Johnson, Michael. The Tribes of the Sioux Nation. Osprey Publishing Oxford. 2000. ISBN 1-85532-878-X.
- ^ Learn about the history of the Sioux Indians. Indians.org. Retrieved on 2012-07-08.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Sioux. Dictionary.com. [2007-09-05].
- ^ a Dakota. The Ojibwe People's Dictionary. University of Minnesota Board of Regents. [29 August 2015].
- ^ Ningewance, Patricia M. Zagataagan, A Northern Ojibwe Dictionary, Anishinaabemowin Ikidowinan gaa-niibidebii'igadegin dago gaye ewemitigoozhiibii'igaadegin, Ojibwe-English Volume 2. 61 King St. Sioux Lookout ON. Canada: Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre. 2009: 81. ISBN 978-1-897579-15-2.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Hassrick, Royal B.; Maxwell, Dorothy; Bach, Cile M. The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society. University of Oklahoma Press. 1964. ISBN 0-8061-0607-7.
- ^ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 Ullrich, Jan. New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton). Lakota Language Consortium. 2008: 1–2. ISBN 0-9761082-9-1.
- ^ Hyde, George E. Red Cloud's Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1984: 3. ISBN 0-8061-1520-3.
- ^ Johnson, Michael; Smith, Jonathan. Tribes of the Sioux Nation. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2000: 3. ISBN 1-85532-878-X.
- ^ van Houten, Gerry. Corporate Canada An Historical Outline. Toronto: Progress Books. 1991: 6–8. ISBN 0-919396-54-2.
- ^ Gibbon, Guy E. The Sioux: The Dakota and Lakota Nations. Blackwell. 2003: 48–52. ISBN 1-55786-566-3.
- ^ Where is the real Massacre Island?. [2013-04-28].
- ^ van de Logt, Mark (2012). War Party in Blue: Pawnee Scouts in the U.S. Army. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0806184396
- ^ Paul, R. Eli (1998) The Nebraska Indian Wars reader, 1865–1877. University of Nebraska Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-8032-8749-6
- ^ Dillon, Richard. North American Indian Wars. City: Booksales. 1993: 126. ISBN 1-55521-951-9.
- ^ Steil, Mark; Post, Tim. Let them eat grass. Minnesota Public Radio. 2002-09-26 [2011-09-21].
- ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 War for the Plains. Time-Life Books. 1994. ISBN 0-8094-9445-0.
- ^ Steil, Mark; Post, Tim. Execution and expulsion. Minnesota Public Radio. 2002-09-26 [2011-10-02].
- ^ *Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, ch. 6. Bantam Books. 1970. ISBN 0-553-11979-6.
- ^ Letter: General Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 13, 1917.
- ^ Liggett, Lorie. Wounded Knee Massacre – An Introduction. Bowling Green State University. 1998 [2007-03-02].
- ^ Strom, Karen. The Massacre at Wounded Knee. hanksville.org. 1995.
- ^ Enrollment Ordinance. tribalresourcecenter.org.
- ^ Descendants of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse break away from US, Agence France-Presse news
- ^ Harlan, Bill. Lakota group secedes from U.S.. Rapid City Journal. 21 December 2007 [2007-12-28].
- ^ Healy, Jack. Occupying the Prairie: Tensions Rise as Tribes Move to Block a Pipeline. The New York Times. 2016-08-23 [2016-08-24]. ISSN 0362-4331.
- ^ More Than A Year After Spill, Colorado's Gold King Mine Named Superfund Site. [2016-09-08].
- ^ Pipeline Spills Oil into Yellowstone River Again. 2015-01-21 [2016-09-08] （美国英语）.
- ^ Thompson, Dave. Dakota Access Pipeline construction stopped. news.prairiepublic.org. 2016-08-18.
- ^ Native Nations Rally in Support of Standing Rock Sioux. Indian Country Today Media Network.com. 2016-08-23 [2016-08-24].
- ^ Arrest warrants issued for Jill Stein, running mate after N.D. protest. [2016-09-08].
- ^ Showdown over oil pipeline becomes a national movement for Native Americans. Washington Post. [2016-09-08].
- ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 Mails, Thomas E. Dog Soldiers, Bear Men, and Buffalo Women: A Study of the Societies and Cults of the Plains Indians. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1973. ISBN 0-13-217216-X.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 引用错误：没有为名为
riggs的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Parks, D. R.; DeMallie, R. J. Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: a Classification. Anthropological Linguistics. 1992, 34 (1–4).
- ^ OneRoad, Amos E.; Skinner, Alanson. Being Dakota: Tales and Traditions of the Sisseton and Wahpeton. Minnesota Historical Society. 2003. ISBN 0-87351-453-X.
- ^ not to be confused with the Oglala thiyóšpaye bearing the same name, "Unkpatila", the most famous member of which was Crazy Horse
- ^ Manitoba Plaque. Gov.mb.ca. Retrieved on 2012-07-08.
Further reading 编辑
- Chaky, Doreen. Terrible justice: Sioux Chiefs and U.S. Soldiers on the Upper Missouri, 1854–1868. University of Oklahoma Press. 2014. ISBN 9780870624148.
- Hassrick, Royal B. The Sioux: life and customs of a warrior society. University of Oklahoma Press. 1977. ISBN 0-8061-0607-7.
- Gibbon, Guy E. The Sioux: the Dakota and Lakota nations. Blackwell. 2003. ISBN 1-55786-566-3.
- McLaughlin, Marie L. Myths and Legends of the Sioux. BiblioBazaar. 2010. ISBN 978-1-141-80554-9.
- Hyde, George E. A Sioux chronicle. University of Oklahoma Press. 1993. ISBN 0-8061-2483-0.
- Standing Bear, Luther; Brininstool, E A. My People the Sioux. University of Nebraska Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8032-9332-1.
- In the Shadow of Wounded Knee August 2012 National Geographic (magazine) with Reservation map history
External links 编辑
- Sioux. Encyclopædia Britannica 25 (第11版). London. 1911.
- "Sioux," Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
- "Sioux," Countries and Their Cultures
- Myths And Legends Of The Sioux
- Lakota Sioux – Their Lands, Allies and Enemies
- Russell Means on late Lakota (Sioux) History
Dakotas. The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
