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用户:Jdam-mk84/罗马尼亚空军

Romanian Air Force
Forțele Aeriene Române
罗马尼亚空军军徽，下缘缎带内罗马尼亚文为“空军参谋本部”
国家或地区 罗马尼亚
种类空军
功能空战
规模11,700名
直属罗马尼亚武装部队
总部布加勒斯特
纪念日7月20日[1]
指挥官
Chief of the Air Force StaffMajor general Leonard-Gabriel Baraboi[2]
标识
Roundel
Military colors
Identification flag (obverse)
飞机
攻击机IAR 330 SOCAT
战斗机F-16AM MLU
侦察机Antonov An-30, RQ-7 Shadow
教练机F-16BM, IAR 99, Iak-52, IAR 316
运输机Antonov An-26, C-130 Hercules, C-27J Spartan, IAR 330L/M Puma

罗马尼亚空军（RoAF）（罗马尼亚语：Forşele Aeriene Române）是罗马尼亚武装部队的空军分支。它有一个空军司令部、一个作战司令部、五个空军基地和一个防空旅。预备役部队包括1个空军基地和3个机场。

2022年，罗马尼亚空军雇用了11,700名人员。[4] The Romanian Air Force (RoAF) (罗马尼亚语：Forțele Aeriene Române) is the air force branch of the Romanian Armed Forces. It has an air force headquarters, an operational command, five airbases and an air defense brigade. Reserve forces include one air base and three airfields.

In 2022, the Romanian Air Force employed 11,700 personnel.[3]

当前状态

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停放在费泰什蒂第86空军基地停机坪上的罗马尼亚F-16AM战斗机

目前，罗马尼亚空军拥有F-16 战斗机 多用途飞机。旧的MiG-21 LanceR在 1993 年至 2002 年间与以色列合作进行了现代化改造，于 2023 年 5 月 15 日退役。[5]罗马尼亚空军还运营C-130 Hercules、C-27J Spartan和An-26运输机以及IAR 330架直升机。罗马尼亚航空工业公司与埃尔比特系统公司（以色列）合作对 IAR 330 Puma SOCAT 直升机进行了现代化改造，以执行攻击任务。罗马尼亚空军还包括本地制造的IAR 99 şoim喷射机，一般仅用于训练年轻飞行员。

由于米格机老化，罗马尼亚空军从伙伴国购买了战斗机。2013年，罗马尼亚与葡萄牙签署了12架F-16 A/B Block 15 MLU战斗机合约。[6]根据喀尔巴阡和平计划，首批六架战斗机于2016 年9 月在罗马尼亚空军服役，另外三架已于11 月交付，最后三架于2017 年服役。罗马尼亚于2019 年与葡萄牙签署了合约另外 5 架 F-16 A/B Block 15 MLU 战斗机，交付至 2021 年 3 月。[7] [8]

2021 年 12 月宣布的另一份合约[9]与挪威签署了额外 32 架 F-16 的合同，价值 3.88 亿欧元。挪威F-16的首次交付定于2023年，第二次交付定于2024年。根据合同，F-16在交付前将在美国的支持下对M6.5.2罗马尼亚配置进行修改。康斯伯格航空维修服务公司将为罗马尼亚技术人员提供支援、维护和培训。[10] [11]

2022 年 2 月 2 日，罗马尼亚总统表示有意购买第五代 F-35 联合攻击战斗机，作为其空军现代化的一部分，计划在 2026 年之前总共花费 98 亿欧元来增强其防御能力。[12] 2023年4月11日，罗马尼亚最高国防委员会（CSAT）批准了F-35采购计划。这个过程至少需要 5 年时间，F-35 的作战能力预计在 2030 年后实现。[13]

5 月 23 日，MiG-21 LanceR 在 2022 年 4 月 15 日暂停后恢复飞行。LanceR 将继续飞行一年，直到 2023 年 5 月 15 日，之后将被从挪威购买的 F-16 取代。[14]

2023 年 7 月，CSAT 会议后，批准了在罗马尼亚设立 F-16 训练中心的计划。该中心的目标是成为罗马尼亚和其他盟军战斗机飞行员（包括乌克兰飞行员）的区域训练中心。[15]为了支持这项决定，由11 个国家（丹麦、荷兰、比利时、加拿大、卢森堡、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、瑞典和英国）[16]以及乌克兰组成的国际联盟成立2023 年维尔纽斯峰会期间。洛克希德马丁公司及其分包商德拉肯国际公司也将支持此计划。作为该计划的一部分，罗马尼亚将为第 86 空军基地提供必要的基础设施，荷兰将提供 F-16 飞机，德拉肯国际公司将提供教官和技术人员。洛克希德马丁全球副总裁 Ray Piselli 表示，该中心将于今年年底投入运营，但培训可能会在 2024 年初开始。[17] [18]

现任罗马尼亚空军参谋长是伦纳德-加布里埃尔·巴拉博伊少将，他于 2023 年 11 月 29 日接替维奥雷尔· 帕纳中将。[3]

Currently, the Romanian Air Force operates the F-16 Fighting Falcon multirole aircraft. The old MiG-21 LanceRs, modernized in cooperation with Israel between 1993 and 2002, were retired on 15 May 2023.[4] The Romanian Air Force also operates C-130 Hercules, C-27J Spartan and An-26 transport airplanes and IAR 330 helicopters. IAR 330 Puma SOCAT helicopters have been modernized by the Romanian Aviation Industry in cooperation with Elbit Systems (Israel) for attack missions. The Romanian Air Force also includes locally built IAR 99 Șoim jet planes, in general only used for training of the young pilots.

Due to the old age of the MiGs, the Romanian Air Force procured fighters from partner states. In 2013, Romania signed a contract with Portugal for 12 F-16 A/B Block 15 MLU fighters.[5] Under the Peace Carpathian program, the first six fighters entered service with the Romanian Air Force in September 2016, another three have been delivered in November and the last three have entered service in 2017. Romania signed a contract in 2019 with Portugal for another 5 F-16 A/B Block 15 MLU fighters, which were delivered until March 2021.[6][7]

Another contract, announced in December 2021,[8] for an additional 32 F-16s was signed with Norway for €388 million. The first delivery of Norwegian F-16s is set for 2023, while a second delivery is set for 2024. Under the contract, the F-16s will undergo the modification to the M6.5.2 Romanian configuration with US support before delivery. Kongsberg Aviation Maintenance Services will provide support, maintenance and training of Romanian technical personnel.[9][10]

On 2 February 2022, the President of Romania stated its intent to purchase the fifth-generation F-35 joint strike fighter as part of its Air Force modernization, which plans to spend a total of 9.8 billion euros until 2026 to boost its defense capabilities.[11] On 11 April 2023, the Romanian Supreme Council of National Defense (CSAT) approved the F-35 acquisition plan. This process can take at least 5 years, and the operational capability for the F-35 is set to be achieved after 2030.[12]

On 23 May, the MiG-21 LanceRs resumed flights after being suspended on 15 April 2022. The LanceR will continue to fly for a period of one year, until 15 May 2023 after which they will be replaced by the F-16s purchased from Norway.[13]

In July 2023, following a CSAT meeting, the plan of hosting an F-16 training center in Romania was approved. The aim is for this center to become a regional training hub for Romanian and other allied fighter pilots, including Ukrainians.[14] To support this decision, an international coalition of 11 nations (Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden and the United Kingdom),[15] as well as Ukraine was formed during the 2023 Vilnius summit. Lockheed Martin and its subcontractor Draken International will also support the project. As part of this initiative, Romania is providing the necessary infrastructure of the 86th Air Base, the Netherlands is to provide the F-16 aircraft, and Draken International will provide the instructors and technicians. The center will become operational at the end of the year, however, training might start at the beginning of 2024 according to Ray Piselli, vice president at Lockheed Martin Global.[16][17]

The current chief of the Romanian Air Force Staff, succeeding Lieutenant General Viorel Pană on 29 November 2023, is Major general Leonard-Gabriel Baraboi.[2]

历史沿革

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A. Vlaicu Nr. I at military exercises 27 Sept. 1910

建军开端

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1818 年，瓦拉几亚王子约翰·卡拉贾 (John Caradja)在位期间，一架无人驾驶热气球在布加勒斯特的Dealul Spirii升空。[19] 1874年7月2日[ OS 6月20日]，名为“Mihai Bravul”的氢气球的所有者Marius Willemot与Iacob Lahovary少校、Constantin Poenaru和Dumitrescu少校一起飞越布加勒斯特。最后一次飞行发生在 1874 年 7 月 7 日 19 日， Willemot 与Nicolae Haralambie上校、Ion Ghica和第三人一起飞行。该气球于同年3月27日在巴黎首次飞行。[20]

1909 年 11 月 20 日，Mihail Cerchez 合资成立了奇蒂拉飞行员学校。这所学校由法国飞行教官管理，有五个机库、观众看台和经许可制造法曼飞机的车间。学校于 1910 年 7 月 9 日开学，当时首席飞行教官兼学校校长René Guillemin在一次演示飞行中驾驶一架法曼 III双翼飞机从 40 米（130 英尺）高空坠毁并摔断了腿。

吉列明的继任者是米歇尔-保罗·莫拉 (Michel-Paul Molla)，他于1910 年9 月7 日首次飞越布加勒斯特。在学校于1912 年底因财政困难而关闭之前，莫拉由另外两人继任，他训练了六名军官，但只获得了两名执照。[21]

1909 年 11 月，罗马尼亚战争部长委托Aurel Vlaicu在布加勒斯特陆军兵工厂建造A. Vlaicu I飞机，并于 1910 年 6 月 17 日首飞。9 月 28 日，在秋季军事演习期间，Vlaicu 将他的飞机从斯拉蒂纳飞往皮亚特拉奥特传达了一个讯息，罗马尼亚也因此成为最早将飞机用于军事目的的国家之一。[22]在第二次巴尔干战争期间，弗莱库与其他罗马尼亚飞行员一起执行侦察任务。[23] [24] [25]世界上第一架金属飞机Vlaicu III在他去世后于 1914 年 5 月完成。 [26]

In 1818, during the reign of John Caradja, the prince of Wallachia, an unmanned hot air balloon was flown off Dealul Spirii in Bucharest.[18] On 2 July1874［儒略历20 June］, Marius Willemot, the owner of the hydrogen balloon named "Mihai Bravul" flew together with Majors Iacob Lahovary, Constantin Poenaru and Dumitrescu over Bucharest. The last flight took place on 191874［儒略历7 July］, Willemot flying together with Colonel Nicolae Haralambie, Ion Ghica and a third person. The balloon had made its first flight at Paris on 27 March of the same year.[19]

On 20 November 1909, the Chitila Piloting School was formed as a joint venture by Mihail Cerchez. The school, conducted by French flight instructors, had five hangars, bleachers for spectators and workshops where the Farman airplanes were built under license. The school opened on 9 July 1910, when the chief flight instructor and director of the school René Guillemin crashed a Farman III biplane from a height of 40米（130英尺） during a demonstration flight and broke his leg.

Guillemin was succeeded by Michel-Paul Molla who made the first flight across Bucharest on 7 September 1910. Molla was succeeded by two others before the school closed in late 1912 due to financial difficulties, having trained six officers, but only licensed two.[20]

In November 1909, the Romanian Minister of War commissioned Aurel Vlaicu to build the A. Vlaicu I airplane at the Bucharest Army Arsenal which first flew on 17 June 1910. On 28 September during the Fall military exercise, Vlaicu flew his airplane from Slatina to Piatra Olt carrying a message, Romania thus becoming one of the first countries to use airplanes for military purposes.[21] Along with other Romanian pilots, Vlaicu flew reconnaissance missions during the Second Balkan War.[22][23][24] Vlaicu III, the first metal aircraft in the world, was completed after his death, in May 1914.[25]

第一次世界大战

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A Romanian Nieuport 11. The blue color on the tail appears nearly white in the black and white photograph.罗马尼亚纽波特 11。尾巴上的蓝色在黑白照片中显得接近白色。

详细可参考罗马尼亚航空军团（英语：Romanian Air Corps）

1916 年 8 月罗马尼亚参战前夕，在RGA进口和组装的 44 架飞机中，只有 24 架可用。飞行学校还提供了另外20架飞机。总共 44 架飞机包括：10 架Bristol TB8、7架Bristol Coanda 单翼飞机、5 架Blériot XI、4架Farman HF.20、8架 Farman MF.7和MF.11、4架Voisin III、4 架Morane -Saulnier单翼飞机、1 架Caudron G。3和 1 Aviatik CI。[27] [28] [29] [a]除此之外，还有两架由Aurel Vlaicu设计的本土单翼飞机。[30]其中一架 Vlaicu 单翼飞机A Vlaicu II于 1913 年坠毁，而A Vlaicu I则于 1914 年退役，使得A Vlaicu III成为罗马尼亚空军中唯一的罗马尼亚制造的飞机。[31]

第一次世界大战期间，罗马尼亚从法国购买了 322 架飞机，从英国购买了前RNAS飞机，包括Nieuport 11和17单座战斗机以及Morane-Saulnier LA和Nieuport 12两座战斗机、Caudron G.3、Henry Farman HF.20、Farman MF.11、Farman F.40 和 46火炮观察侦察机、Caudron G.4、Breguet-Michelin BLM和Voisin LA轰炸机。[32] 1916 年 9 月 16 日，一架罗马尼亚法曼F.40在斯洛博齐亚附近击落了一架德意志帝国空军飞机；这是罗马尼亚的第一次空中胜利。到第一次世界大战结束时，罗马尼亚飞行员已经飞行了约 11,000 小时，执行了 750 次任务；然而，它无法阻止罗马尼亚在 1916 年 12 月的阿尔杰什战役中的攻势被击败，导致罗马尼亚南部被占领，并在俄罗斯革命后于1917 年 12 月 6 日停战。[33]

On the eve of Romania's entrance into the war in August 1916, only 24 out of the 44 aircraft that had been imported and assembled at RGA were available. Another 20 aircraft were provided by the flight schools. The total of 44 aircraft included: 10 Bristol T.B.8, 7 Bristol Coanda Monoplanes, 5 Blériot XI, 4 Farman HF.20, 8 Farman MF.7 and MF.11, 4 Voisin III, 4 Morane-Saulnier monoplanes, 1 Caudron G.3 and 1 Aviatik C.I.[26][27][28][a] Added to these were two native-made monoplanes designed by Aurel Vlaicu.[29] One of the Vlaicu monoplanes, A Vlaicu II, crashed in 1913, while the A Vlaicu I was retired in 1914, leaving A Vlaicu III as the sole Romanian-made aircraft in the Romanian Air Corps.[30]

During World War I, Romania acquired 322 aircraft from France and ex-RNAS aircraft from Great Britain including Nieuport 11 and 17 single seat fighters and Morane-Saulnier LA and Nieuport 12 two seat fighters, Caudron G.3, Henry Farman HF.20, Farman MF.11, and Farman F.40 & 46 artillery observation and reconnaissance aircraft, Caudron G.4, Breguet-Michelin BLM and Voisin LA bombers.[31] On 16 September 1916, a Romanian Farman F.40 downed an Imperial German Air Service aircraft near Slobozia; this was the first Romanian aerial victory. By the end of World War I, Romanian pilots had flown about 11,000 hours and 750 missions; however, it was unable to prevent the December 1916 Romanian offensive at the Battle of the Argeș from being defeated, which resulted in the occupation of southern Romania, and the armistice on 6 December 1917 following the Russian revolution.[32]

第二次世界大战

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A pair of IAR 80 fighters on patrol during World War II二战期间巡逻的两架IAR 80战斗机

详细可参考罗马尼亚皇家空军（英语：Royal Romanian Air Force）及西方盟军在罗马尼亚的战役（英语：Western Allied Campaign in Romania）

1941 年 6 月 22 日，当罗马尼亚与纳粹德国结盟对苏联开战时，罗马尼亚空军拥有 621 架飞机，其中包括本地制造的战斗机 IAR 80/81。空军完成了数百次任务，为罗马尼亚收复一年前被苏联占领的北布科维纳和比萨拉比亚做出了贡献。敖德萨围城战结束时，罗马尼亚军队取得了约 600 场空中胜利。[34]罗马尼亚军用航空兵在东线作战至1944年8月22日，为斯大林格勒、克里米亚和乌克兰前线的伟大战役做出了重要贡献。1941年至1944年间，罗马尼亚飞机赢得了2000次空中胜利。最著名的王牌飞行员是获得 69 次认证胜利的康斯坦丁·坎塔库齐诺 (Constantin Cantacuzino)上尉、击落 60 架敌机的亚历山德鲁·塞伯内斯库 (Alexandru şerbănescu)上尉和霍里亚·阿加里奇(Horia Agarici)上尉。

1944 年 8 月 23 日迈克尔国王政变后，罗马尼亚转而反对德国并加入同盟国。

When Romania, allied with Nazi Germany, went to war against the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Romanian Air Force had 621 airplanes, including its locally made fighter IAR 80/81. The air force accomplished hundreds of missions, contributing to Romania's recapture of Northern Bucovina and Bessarabia, which had been occupied by the Soviet Union a year earlier. By the end of the Siege of Odesa, the Romanian military fighters claimed about 600 air victories.[33] Romanian Military Aviation fought on the Eastern Front until 22 August 1944, bringing an important contribution to the great battles at Stalingrad, in Crimea, and the Ukrainian fronts. Between 1941 and 1944, Romanian aircraft won 2,000 air victories. The most famous flying aces were Captain Prince Constantin Cantacuzino, who gained 69 certified victories, Captain Alexandru Șerbănescu, who shot down 60 enemy airplanes, and Captain Horia Agarici.

In the aftermath of King Michael's Coup of 23 August 1944, Romania turned against Germany and joined the Allies.

冷战

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A pair of Romanian MiG-21 fighters, late 1970s　两架罗马尼亚 MiG-21 战斗机，1970 年代末

详细可参考罗马尼亚社会主义共和国陆军#空军部分（英语：Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania#Air Force）

从 1948 年开始，罗马尼亚根据苏联的概念和理论调整其军队。1949年2月15日，根据苏联模式（团而非舰队）成立了航空司令部。在接下来的几年里，新的苏联飞机，如雅科夫列夫 Yak-18、波利卡波夫 Po-2、拉沃奇金 La-9、图波列夫 Tu-2和伊柳申Il-10投入使用。1951 年，9 架雅科夫列夫 Yak-17和Yak-23进入空军，1952 年又有 88 架MiG-15飞机。1958年，第一架超音速战斗机MiG-19进入库存。三年后，在 1962 年 2 月，库存中增加了一种新战斗机MiG-21，它代表了当时最有效的战斗机之一。[35]

从 1974 年开始，罗马尼亚制造的飞机补充了现有的喷射机。罗马尼亚IAR-93 攻击机于1974 年10 月31 日首飞。考虑到它是唯一一架非苏联制造的喷气式战斗机，也是唯一一架由华沙条约国家制造和运营的喷气式战斗机，它代表着向前迈出的一大步。[36]

1962 年，第一批直升机分队成立，随后于 1965 年成立了第一批苏联Mi-2和Mi-4直升机。从1968年开始，Mi-8直升机也将投入使用。[37]机队更新进程持续进行，首批 2 架MiG-23于 1979 年 1 月 23 日抵达。[38]

1981 年 5 月 14 日 20 点 16 分，苏联联盟40 号太空船从拜科努尔发射升空，执行罗马尼亚-苏联的共同飞行，船上指挥官为杜米特鲁·普鲁纳留中尉和 列昂尼德·波波夫上校。1980 年代初，来自克拉约瓦和伊安卡的第 67 战斗轰炸机团和第 49 战斗轰炸机团装备了新型 IAR-93，取代了旧的 MiG-15 和 MiG-17。1989 年 12 月，就在罗马尼亚反共产主义革命开始前几天，MiG-29飞机进入空军库存。最初订购了 45 架 MiG-29，但只交付了 21 架，其余订单都被取消。MiG-29 被分配到位于米哈伊尔科纠尼恰努机场的第 57 战斗机团的第 2 和第 3 中队。[39]

Starting in 1948, Romania tailored its military to Soviet concepts and doctrine. On 15 February 1949, the Aviation Command was established based on the Soviet model (regiments instead of flotillas). In the following years, new Soviet aircraft, such as Yakovlev Yak-18, Polikarpov Po-2, Lavochkin La-9, Tupolev Tu-2, and Ilyushin Il-10 entered service. In 1951, 9 Yakovlev Yak-17s and Yak-23s entered the air force, and in 1952, another 88 MiG-15 aircraft. In 1958, the first supersonic fighter MiG-19 entered the inventory. Three years later, in February 1962, a new fighter was added to the inventory, the MiG-21, which represented one of the most effective fighters of that time.[34]

Starting in 1974, Romanian-made aircraft supplemented the already existing jets. The Romanian IAR-93 attack aircraft flew its first flight on 31 October 1974. It represented a great step forward taking into account that it was the only jet fighter not made by the Soviets, the only one ever manufactured and operated by a Warsaw Pact country.[35]

In 1962, the first helicopter subunits were established and followed later on, in 1965, by the first Soviet Mi-2 and Mi-4 helicopters. From 1968, Mi-8 helicopters will also enter service.[36] Renewing the aircraft fleet process went on with the first 2 MiG-23s arriving on 23 January 1979.[37]

On 14 May 1981, at 20:16, the Soviet spaceship Soyuz-40 was launched from Baikonur to perform a common Romanian-Soviet flight, with Lieutenant Dumitru Prunariu and Colonel Leonid Popov as commander on board. During the early 1980s, the 67th Fighter-Bomber Regiment and the 49th Fighter-Bomber Regiment from Craiova and Ianca were equipped with new IAR-93s, which replaced old MiG-15s and MiG-17s. In December 1989, just a few days before the Romanian revolution against communism began, MiG-29 aircraft entered the Air Force inventory. Initially, 45 MiG-29s were ordered but only 21 were delivered, with the rest of the order being cancelled. The MiG-29s were assigned to the 2nd and 3rd Squadrons of the 57th Fighter Regiment located at the Mihail Kogălniceanu Airport.[38]

1990年后

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The MiG-29 was withdrawn in 2003 MiG -29于2003年退役

1990 年，最后一架MiG-15战斗机从位于伊安卡的第 49 航空团退役。1992年，南斯拉夫内战爆发后，IAR-93的生产停止了。最后一批 IAR-93 于 1998 年退休。到 1995 年 6 月 1 日，空军放弃了共产主义时代的团制，转而采用由空军基地、大队和中队组成的系统。[40]

由于财政拮据，无法购买新战机，罗马尼亚空军决定投资升级米格21战机。经过几家公司的竞争，以色列公司Elbit被选中，并选择了MiG-21M和MF/MF-75版本。该计划最初被称为“DD计划”，以纪念1989年在米格21坠毁事件中丧生的战斗机飞行员兼作家多鲁·达维多维奇。升级计划后来更名为“Lancer”，指定为“LanceR”罗马尼亚的大写字母“R”。[40]升级版米格机（LanceR 'A' 对地攻击型）的首次飞行于 1995 年 8 月 22 日进行。[41]

罗马尼亚 MiG-29 机队也打算在由DASA、Aerostar和 Elbit 共同完成的名为“ Sniper”的计划下进行现代化改造。首飞于 2000 年 5 月 5 日进行，原型机在ILA 2000上展出。[42] [43]然而，现代化计划因各种原因被取消，MiG-29 退役。[44]

1994年加入和平伙伴计划后，罗马尼亚开始与其他国家合作，目标是最终加入北约。为此，罗马尼亚空军飞机参与了许多国内外演习和航展。在加入北约之前，博尔恰的第 86 中队开始透过改进基地基础设施来转型为北约兼容部队，允许其飞行员进行大量的飞行训练并根据北约程序进行工作。[40]

重组期间，从2000年开始，其他机型如米格23战斗机、哈尔滨H-5轰炸机以及IAR 823和L-39信天翁教练机退役，后者于2007年退役[40] [45]随着飞机的退役，几个基地也被解散，包括亚历克塞尼机场、伊安卡的第 49 空军基地和德韦塞卢的第91 空军基地。蒂米甚瓦拉第93 空军基地也被解散，目前作为第 71 空军基地的附属设施。[40]

2009年春，罗马尼亚政府决定向法国购买VSHORAD / SHORAD系统。[46]该交易包括“西北风”便携式 防空系统和MICA VL 地对空导弹。[47]然而，在8月与MBDA进行初步谈判后，由于国防削减，该交易被搁置并随后取消。[48]

2010年2月，最高国防委员会与美国签署了一项导弹防御协议，根据该协议，罗马尼亚将安装陆基SM-3系统。2011 年 5 月 3 日，罗马尼亚总统特拉扬·伯塞斯库 (Traian Băsescu)宣布了 SM-3 系统的安装地点：奥尔特县的前空军基地 德韦塞卢 (Deveselu)。[49]该系统包括 3 个连，配备 24 枚 SM-3 Block I 火箭，由大约 200 名美国士兵（最多 500 名）操控，最初由罗马尼亚空军总体指挥。[49] Deveselu Aegis Ashore站点于 2016年5月13日宣布投入营运。[50]

In 1990, the last MiG-15 fighters were retired from the 49th Aviation Regiment, located at Ianca. In 1992, production of the IAR-93 was stopped following the start of the Yugoslav Civil Wars. The last IAR-93s were retired in 1998. By 1 June 1995 the Air Force dropped the communist era regimental system in favor of a system consisting of Air Bases, Groups and Squadrons.[39]

Due to financial constraints, being unable to purchase new fighers, the Romanian Air Force decided to invest in the upgrade of the MiG-21 fighters. Following a competition between several companies, the Israeli company Elbit was chosen, and the MiG-21M and MF/MF-75 versions were selected. The program was originally called the "DD program" as a tribute to the fighter pilot and writer Doru Davidovici, who died in a MiG-21 crash in 1989. The upgrade program was later renamed to "Lancer", designated as "LanceR" with capital "R" in Romania.[39] The first flight of an upgraded MiG, a LanceR 'A' ground attack variant, took place on 22 August 1995.[40]

The Romanian MiG-29 fleet was also intended to undergo modernization under a project named "Sniper" done by DASA, Aerostar and Elbit. The first flight took place on 5 May 2000 and the prototype was presented at ILA 2000.[41][42] However, the modernization project was canceled due to various reasons and the MiG-29s were retired.[43]

Following its entry into the Partnership for Peace program in 1994, Romania started cooperating with other countries with the goal of eventually joining NATO. For this, Romanian Air Force aircraft participated in many local or abroad exercises and airshows. Before joining NATO, the 86th Group at Borcea started to convert into a NATO compatible unit by making improvements to the base's infrastructure, allowing its pilots to fly a fair amount of training hours and work according to NATO procedures.[39]

During the period of reorganization, starting from the year 2000, other aircraft models such as the MiG-23 fighters, the Harbin H-5 bombers and the IAR 823 and L-39 Albatros trainers were retired, the latter of which was retired in 2007.[39][44] Along with the retiring of airplanes, several bases were disbanded as well, including the Alexeni Airfield, the 49th Air Base from Ianca and the 91st Air Base from Deveselu. The 93rd Air Base from Timișoara was also disbanded and currently serves as an annex to the 71st Air Base.[39]

In the spring of 2009, the Romanian government decided to purchase VSHORAD/SHORAD systems from France.[45] The deal included Mistral MANPADS and MICA VL surface-to-air missiles.[46] However, after preliminary talks with MBDA in August, the deal was put on hold and canceled afterwards because of the defense cuts.[47]

In February 2010, the Supreme Council of National Defense signed an agreement with the United States for missile defence under whose terms land-based SM-3 systems would be installed in Romania. On 3 May 2011, the president of Romania Traian Băsescu announced the location for the SM-3 systems: former Air Force base Deveselu in Olt County.[48] The system includes 3 batteries with 24 SM-3 Block I rockets, manned by approximately 200 US soldiers (with a maximum of 500) initially under Romanian Air Force overall command.[48] The Deveselu Aegis Ashore site was declared operational on 13 May 2016.[49]

2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰

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俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的第一天，第53战斗机中队的两架F-16被派去拦截正在接近罗马尼亚领空的乌克兰空军的一架苏霍伊Su-27。Su-27 被护送到第 95 空军基地，飞行员被罗马尼亚当局带走。[51]乌克兰国防部长奥莱克西·雷兹尼科夫很快就此事道歉，并要求飞机及其飞行员返回。在乌克兰的一支维修小组解决了战斗机的技术问题后，[52] 3 月 1 日，这架飞机在两架MiG-21 LanceR的护送下，在没有携带武器的情况下返回边境，由其他乌克兰飞机接管。[53] [54]

2022 年 3 月 2 日，一架 MiG-21 LanceR 在距离乌克兰边境 60 英里的Cogealac附近的罗马尼亚领空进行空中巡逻时失踪。这“发生在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后罗马尼亚空中警察任务增加之际”。一架 IAR 330 在执行失踪 MiG-21 搜救任务时坠毁，造成 7 人死亡。[55] [56]两起事故中丧生的八名军人均被罗马尼亚总统追授并授勋。[57]不久之后，又出现了声称罗马尼亚米格机被乌克兰S-300导弹系统击落的假消息。这些说法都被官方驳斥。[58] 3月23日公布的初步分析表明，事故的发生是人为和环境因素造成的。[59]

自俄罗斯入侵开始以来，截至 2022 年 12 月 13 日，罗马尼亚空军和盟军飞机参加了 150 多次空中治安任务。大多数任务涉及俄罗斯飞机接近罗马尼亚领空。其他任务涉及协调报告炸弹威胁或通讯中断的民用飞机。[60] On the starting day of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, two F-16s from the 53rd Fighter Squadron were sent to intercept a Sukhoi Su-27 of the Ukrainian Air Force that was approaching Romanian airspace. The Su-27 was escorted to the 95th Air Base where the pilot was taken by Romanian authorities.[50] The Ukrainian Minister of Defence, Oleksiy Reznikov, quickly apologized for this event and requested the return of the airplane and its pilot. After a maintenance team from Ukraine fixed the technical issues of the fighter,[51] the aircraft was returned without its weapons on 1 March, being escorted by two MiG-21 LanceRs to the border where other Ukrainian airplanes took over.[52][53]

On 2 March 2022, a MiG-21 LanceR was lost while on an air patrol inside Romanian airspace near Cogealac, 60 miles from the Ukrainian border. This "occurred amid increased air police missions in Romania after the Russian invasion of Ukraine." An IAR 330 on a search and rescue mission for the missing MiG-21 crashed with seven fatalities.[54][55] The eight servicemen who died in the two accidents were posthumously promoted and decorated by the president of Romania.[56] Shortly after, fake news claiming that the Romanian MiG was shot down by Ukrainian S-300 missile systems appeared. These claims were officially refuted.[57] The preliminary analysis published on 23 March showed that the crashes occurred due to human and environmental factors.[58]

As of 13 December 2022, Romanian Air Force and allied aircraft took part in more than 150 air policing missions since the start of Russia's invasion. The majority of the missions involved Russian aircraft approaching Romanian airspace. Other missions involved coordinating civilian aircraft which had reported bomb threats or after their communications were interrupted.[59]

国际布署

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Romanian MiG-21 of the Baltica 07 Detachment ready for a night mission

2007波罗的海空中警戒

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2007 年 8 月至 11 月，四架 MiG-21 LanceR C 部署在立陶宛希奥利艾空军基地，用于波罗的海空中警务。罗马尼亚分队接替了来自康布雷的法国空军幻影 2000 Cs Escadron de Chasse 01.012，自 2007 年 5 月起执行波罗的海空中警务任务。罗马尼亚空军完成为期三个月的服役后，一支葡萄牙空军分队接手了这项任务。[61]

这四架飞机和大部分人员来自第71空军基地。该支队共有 67 名人员，其中包括 9 名飞行员：其中 63 人在希奥利艾服役，另外 4 人在考纳斯空中交通管制中心服役，以确保与地方当局的顺利合作。罗马尼亚分遣队引起了当地媒体的关注，尤其是因为这只是苏联时代的喷射战斗机第二次部署到希奥利艾（波兰空军的MiG-29 战斗机于 2006 年首次部署在那里）。[62]

Four MiG-21 LanceR Cs were deployed from August–November 2007 at Šiauliai Air Base in Lithuania for Baltic Air Policing. The Romanian detachment succeeded the French Air Force Mirage 2000Cs of Escadron de Chasse 01.012 from Cambrai, which fulfilled the Baltic Air Policing since May 2007. Once the RoAF finished its three-month stint, a Portuguese Air Force detachment took over the mission.[60]

The four aircraft and most of the staff came from the 71st Air Base. A total of 67 personnel, among them nine pilots, were part of the detachment: 63 served at Šiauliai, while other four served at the air traffic control centre in Kaunas, to ensure smooth cooperation with local authorities. The Romanian detachment attracted attention from the local media, not least from the fact that it was only the second time a Soviet-era jet fighter was deployed to Šiauliai (Polish Air Force MiG-29s had been deployed there first in 2006).[61]

2019年–2020年在马利

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2019年10月至2020年11月，第572直升机中队喀尔巴阡美洲狮分队作为马利稳定团的一部分部署到马利。该分队由四架 IAR 330L 直升机和 120 名人员组成，分两次轮换部署，参与医疗后送、伤者后送、部队和物资运输、空中巡逻和侦察任务。[63]截至马利任务结束，分遣队执行了 380 多次任务，其中约 100 次运输任务、200 次侦察任务和 18 次医疗任务，期间疏散了 40 多名患者。它在莫普提和基达尔地区的联合国部门开展业务。[64]

一架 IAR 330 于 2020 年 8 月受损。直升机被暴风雨掀翻时位于杜恩札基地。事故没有造成人员伤亡。[65]

From October 2019 to November 2020, the Carpathian Pumas detachment of the 572nd Helicopter Squadron was deployed to 马利 as part of 马利稳定团（MINUSMA）. The detachment consisted of four IAR 330L helicopters and 120 personnel deployed on two rotations which took part in 医疗后送MEDEVAC（英语：MEDEVAC）, 伤患后送CASEVAC（英语：CASEVAC）, troop and materiel transport, air patrol, and reconnaissance missions.[62] By the end of the mission to Mali, the detachment flew over 380 missions, of which approximately 100 transport missions, 200 reconnaissance missions, and 18 medical missions during which more than 40 patients were evacuated. It operated in the UN sectors in the Mopti and Kidal regions.[63]

One IAR 330 was damaged in August 2020. It was located at the Douentza base when the helicopter was overturned by a storm. No injuries occurred as a result of the accident.[64]

2023波罗的海空中警戒

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2022年11月，宣布罗马尼亚F-16将在2023年4月至7月期间参加波罗的海空中警务任务。[66]喀尔巴阡毒蛇分队于2023年3月14日成立。它由四架 F -16和100架组成军人主要来自第 86 空军基地第 53 战斗机中队，由指挥官科斯明·弗拉德 (Cosmin Vlad) 领导。[67] [68]罗马尼亚分遣队与葡萄牙分遣队一起部署，从先前的法国和波兰分遣队手中接过波罗的海空中治安任务。[69]

部署于 7 月 31 日结束，罗马尼亚 F-16 战斗机由意大利 欧洲台风战斗机分队接替。[70]人员遣返仪式于8月8日在第86空军基地举行。[71] 4月至7月期间，罗马尼亚战机拦截了60多架俄罗斯飞机，并参与了总计600小时的各种多国演习。[72]

In November 2022, it was announced that Romanian F-16s were to participate in the Baltic Air Policing missions between April and July 2023.[65] The Carpathian Vipers detachment was established 14 March 2023. It was formed by four F-16 and 100 servicemen primarily from the 53rd Fighter Squadron of the 86th Air Base, and was led by Commander Cosmin Vlad.[66][67] The Romanian detachment was deployed together with a Portuguese detachment, taking over the Baltic Air Policing mission from the previous French and Polish detachments.[68]

The deployment ended on 31 July, with the Romanian F-16s being succeeded by a detachment of Italian Eurofighter Typhoons.[69] The repatriation ceremony for the personnel took place on 8 August at the 86th Air Base.[70] Between April and July, the Romanian fighters intercepted over 60 Russian aircraft and participated in various multinational exercises totaling 600 fight hours.[71]

组织架构

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详细可参考罗马尼亚空军部队列表（英语：List of Romanian Air Force units）

空军参谋本部

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罗马尼亚空军总参谋部代表军事概念制定、指挥和执行机构，为空军提供和平时期、危机和战时的领导，以便根据需要达到、维持和提高军事下属机构的作战水平，以便能够在负责军事行动规划和实施的授权指挥下开展行动。

生成、动员、组建、装备、作战和重建所需部队，提供开展军事行动所需的后勤支持，并根据上级命令，透过主空军接管联合作战空中部队和独立空中作战指挥和控制运营中心。自2010年7月1日起，罗马尼亚空军基地更名为空军舰队。[73]这些名称一直保留到2013年12月1日，之后又改回空军基地。[74]

The Romanian Air Force General Staff represents the military concept-developing, command and executive structure providing Air Forces peacetime, crisis and wartime leadership in order to reach, maintain and increase, as required, the operational level of the military subordinated structures so that to be able to operate under authorized commands responsible for military operations planning and conduct.

Generate, mobilize, structure, equip, operationalize and regenerate the required forces, provide the logistic support necessary to conduct military operations and based on higher orders, take over both the Joint Operation Air Component and independent air operations command and control, through the Main Air Operational Center. Starting with 1 July 2010, the Romanian Air Force bases were renamed to Air Flotillas.[72] The names were kept until 1 December 2013, when they were changed back to Air Bases.[73]

Units

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Romanian Air Force radar stations
  Fighter base   Helicopters   Other flying units
  AN/FPS-117(V) Radar station   Air Component Command   Air Signals and IT Centre
 
Alenia C-27J Spartan RoAF 90th Airlift Base

The current structure of the Romanian Air Force is as follows:[74]

罗马尼亚空军目前的结构如下：[75]

第 57 空军基地 “米哈伊尔·科格尔尼恰努” 第 57 空军基地，康斯坦察 – Mihail Kogălniceanu IAP 第 572 直升机中队，配备 IAR 330 L-RM（医疗后送） 第 71 空军基地 “埃马诺伊内斯库将军” 第 71 空军基地，坎皮亚图尔齐军用机场 第 713 战斗直升机中队，配备IAR 330 SOCAT 第715高炮营[76] 第 71 空军基地附属建筑，位于蒂米甚瓦拉 – Giarmata IAP 第 712 直升机中队，配备IAR 330L/M（医疗后送） 第 86 空军基地 “Locotenent 飞行员格奥尔基·莫乔尼察” 第 86 空军基地，位于费特什蒂– 博尔恰军用机场 第 53 战斗机中队，配备F-16AM/BM Block 15 MLU 第864高炮营[76] 第 90 空运基地 “指挥官飞行员格奥尔基·本丘列斯库” 第 90 空运基地，布加勒斯特 – 奥托佩尼 IAP 第 901 战术航空运输中队，搭载C-130B/H Hercules 第 902 作战航空运输和航空摄影中队，配备C-27J 斯巴达和An-30 第 903 运输直升机中队，配备 IAR 330L/M 第905高炮营[76] 第 95 空军基地 “埃鲁·卡皮坦飞行员亚历山德鲁·谢尔伯内斯库” 第 95 空军基地，巴克乌 IAP 第 951 高级空中训练中队，隶属于IAR 99 şoim 第 952 战斗直升机中队，配备IAR 330 SOCAT 第954高射炮营[76]

 
A IAR 99 Șoim in 100th anniversary of aviation colours

第 70 工程中心 “将军格奥尔基·特奥多雷斯库”，位于潘泰利蒙[77] 空军排爆大队[78] 第 85 航空讯号与 IT 中心 “General Doroftei Ghermănescu”，位于布加勒斯特[79] 第 74 爱国者团，米哈伊布拉武[80] 第 1 地对空导弹旅 “尼古拉‧德斯凯莱斯库将军”，位于奇蒂拉[81] 第 111 地对空导弹营“Voievodul Mihai”，位于博泰尼[82] 第 112 地对空导弹营，位于布克沙尼[83] 第 113 地对空导弹营“Codrii Vlăsiei”，位于金帕蒂[84] 第 114 地对空导弹营“şoimii Bărăganului”，位于阿德纳卡塔[85] 第 5 地对空导弹营“Horea”，位于瓦尔塞莱[86] 第7鹰营 第8技术营 第 76 情报、监视和侦察旅 “达西亚”，位于Moara Vlăsiei [87] [88] 第 1 空域监视大队“Neculai Iordache 将军”，位于费特什蒂第86 空军基地[89] 第 2 空域监视大队“Pompiliu Ionescu 将军”，位于巴克乌第 95 空军基地 第 3 空域监视大队“瓦西里‧米哈拉切将军”，位于坎皮亚图尔齐第 71 空军基地 第 4 电子战大队“Locotenent-colonel Mihai Cană”，位于多姆内什蒂[90] 第 91 后勤基地 “通用飞行员安德烈·波波维奇”，位于奥托佩尼 第 91 后勤支援大队，位于特尔格甚鲁诺[91] 第 918 军备弹药库，位于梅迪亚什[92] 区域维护中心，奥托佩尼[93] 210 号支援小组 “General de divizie Ioan Macri”，布加勒斯特[94] 空军司令部 “通用飞行员埃米尔‧乔治乌”，位于莫阿拉弗勒西[95] 位于Moara Vlăsiei的空中作战中心向北约托雷洪综合防空系统 CAOC报告[96] 雷达站，位于奥维迪乌，配备AN/FPS-117(V) [97] 位于Giarmata的雷达站，配备 AN/FPS-117(V) [97] 雷达站，位于苏恰瓦，配备 AN/FPS-117(V) [97] 雷达站，位于克拉约瓦（Cârcea），配备 AN/FPS-117(V) [98] 雷达站，位于Muntele Mare [ ro ]，配备 AN/FPS-117(V) 布拉索夫“亨利·科安德”空军学院 空军人员训练与编队空军基地 博博克军用机场 “ Aurel Vlaicu”空军应用学校 第一空中训练中队 AI-A 阶段，配备IAK-52和IAR 316B 第二空中训练中队 AII-A 阶段，符合IAR 99 标准 博博克军用机场“Traian Vuia”空军士官和专家学校 战斗搜救分队（DCSL）[99] 卡普米迪亚防空训练学校“离子邦格斯库准将” 阿尔巴尤利亚“Mihai Viteazul”军事学院[100] 罗马尼亚国家航空博物馆


Reserve air bases

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储备空军基地 第 93 空军基地，位于贾尔玛塔机场

Capu Midia Training Range

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主条目：Capu Midia Training Range

The Capu Midia Surface-to-air Training and Air-to-Surface Shooting Range provides firing training, execution and evaluation facilities. It is located in Constanța County, 20千米（12英里） north of the city of, Constanța. 卡普米迪亚训练场 主词条：卡普米迪亚训练场 卡普米迪亚地对空训练和空对地射击场提供 射击训练、执行和评估设施。它位于康斯坦察县，距离康斯坦察市以北 20 公里（12 英里）。

装备

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飞机

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详细可参考罗马尼亚空军飞机列表（英语：List of aircraft of the Romanian Air Force）

 
An F-16AM lands at Borcea Air Base
 
Romanian Air Force IAR 330 SOCAT
飞机名称 生产国 种类 机型 现役数量 备注
战斗机
F-16 Fighting Falcon United States multirole F-16AM/BM 20[100][101] 29 surplus Norwegian units on order[102][103]

4 used for conversion training[100][101]

侦察机
Antonov An-30 Soviet Union surveillance 2[100]
运输机
Antonov An-26 Soviet Union transport 1[100]
C-27J Spartan Italy transport 7[100]
C-130 Hercules United States tactical airlifter C-130B 8[104] 4 are H variants[100]
直升机
IAR 330 Romania utility / transport 57[100] 22 SOCAT used in a gunship role
教练机
IAR 99 Romania jet trainer 21[105]
IAR 316 Romania trainer / utility 7[100] Licensed built SA316B
Yakovlev Yak-52 Romania trainer 14[100]
无人飞行载具（UAV）
RQ-7 Shadow United States surveillance Shadow 600 7[106] 11 initially, 4 crashed (1 in country, 3 in Iraq).

Note: Three C-17 Globemaster III and five RQ-4D are available through the Strategic Airlift Capability, and Alliance Ground Surveillance programs[107][108]

防空

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罗马尼亚空军也拥有多种防空系统：[109]

 
The first Romanian MIM-104 Patriot battery, 29 October 2020
名称 生产国 种类 现役数量 备注
地对空导弹
MIM-104 Patriot United States SAM system 4 batteries[110]
MIM-23 Hawk United States SAM system 8 batteries[109][111]
防空炮
S-60 57mm Soviet Union Mobile anti-aircraft Towed gun[112]
雷达
P-14 Soviet Union Radar 2D VHF radar[113]
P-18 Soviet Union Radar 2-dimensional air search radar[114]
P-37 (radar)​（罗马尼亚语） Soviet Union Radar E band/F band 2D radar[115]
PRV-13​（罗马尼亚语） Soviet Union Radar Radar altimeter[116]
AN/TPS-79(R) United States 3D radar 17 Medium range 3D radar- co-produced in Romania[117][118]
AN/FPS-117 United States 3D radar (5) FPS-117 / (7) TPS-77[119][120][121][122][123] Long-range 3D radar

Note: Additionally, five WSR-98D radars owned by the National Meteorological Administration are used for both civilian and military purposes[96][124]

国籍标志

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The Romanian 国籍标志 uses the colours of the Romanian flag. It is used on Romanian Armed Forces vehicles and Romanian Air Force aircraft.

  •  
    Roundel used for aircraft and vehicles from 1912 to 1941, 1944 to 1950 and since 1984
  •  
    Roundel used during WWI. French markings were overpainted with yellow to match the Romanian national colors.
  •  
    Roundel seen in 1916, appearing on some aircraft.
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    Marking used by Romanian Royal Air Force, and Romanian Royal Army from 1 May 1941 to 3 September 1944
  •  
    Romanian Roundel used from 1949[125] to 1984

军衔和标志

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详细可参考罗马尼亚武装部队军衔及标志（英语：Romanian Armed Forces ranks and insignia）

罗马尼亚空军承袭英国和苏联的影响，各级军官与士官兵的阶级标志皆有袖章，准将以上将官另设有肩章。罗马尼亚于2007年起废止征兵制，[126]因此士兵阶级只分成普通兵和上等兵。另外因为曾经附属于陆军，故空军各级官兵的阶级名称都和陆军通用。下为各阶级章图像及中文/罗马尼亚文军衔名称对照表。

军官

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北约代码 OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1
阶级标示                              
中文 元帅[b] 上将 中将 少将 准将 上校 中校 少校 上尉 中尉 少尉
罗马尼亚文 Mareșal General General-locotenent General-maior General de flotilă aeriană Comandor Căpitan-comandor Locotenent-comandor Căpitan Locotenent Sublocotenent


士官与士兵

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北约代码 OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
阶级标示                      
中文 特级军士长 一级军士长 二级军士长 三级军士长 上士 中士 一级下士 二级下士 三级下士 上等兵 普通兵
罗马尼亚文 Plutonier adjutant principal Plutonier adjutant Plutonier-major Plutonier Sergent-major Sergent Caporal clasa I Caporal clasa a II-a Caporal clasa a III-a Fruntaș Soldat

另可参看

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注释

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注解

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  1. ^ Using the numbers and airplane types from the 3 sources gives that the 20 aircraft from the flight schools were the 10 Bristol TB 8, the 7 Bristol Coanda and 3 Farman HF 20.
  2. ^ 根据1995年7月法律第80号之规定，元帅军衔只能在战时授予立有特殊功勋之陆、海、空军上将，由最高统帅授予。

注脚

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参考书目

编辑
  • Bernád, Dénes. Rumanian Aces of World War 2 (Aircraft of the Aces 54). Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2003. ISBN 978-1841765358. 
  • Bernád, Dénes. Rumanian Air Force: The Prime Decade, 1938–1947. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc. 1999. ISBN 0897474023. 
  • Craciunoiu, Cristian. Deux des Savoia... [Two of Savoia...]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire. February 2002, (107): 7–16. ISSN 1243-8650 （法语）. 
  • Crăciunoiu, Cristian; Roba, Jean-Louis. Romanian Aeronautics in the Second World War, 1941–1945. București, Romania: Editura Modelism International. 2003. ISBN 973-8101182.  (bilingual Romanian/English)
  • Green, W.; Swanborough, G. (编). Oil Well Top Cover – Sixty Years of Rumanian Military Aviation. Air Enthusiast. June 1971, 1 (1): 25–26. 

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