第四次工业革命

第四次工业革命 (4IR) 指的是从18世纪工业革命开始后进入的第四个阶段，它被描述成各种科技的融合，而融合的过程因使得物理、数位和生物等领域科技之间界线难分，故统称为网宇实体系统。第四次工业革命，是以石墨烯、基因工程、虚拟现实、量子信息技术、可控核聚变、清洁能源以及生物技术为技术突破口的工业革命，5G并不算第四次工业革命。^[1] 各种新兴科技的突破为其特征，如机器人学、人工智能、纳米科技、量子电脑、生物科技、物联网、工业物联网（IIoT）、分散式共识、5G、增材制造／3D打印和全自动驾驶汽车。

世界经济论坛的执行董事长克劳斯·施瓦布认为就数字化和人工智能对全球经济的影响来看，第四次工业革命和第二次机器时代息息相关，^[2]但他认为生物科技的进步在前者占有着更广泛的角色。^[3] 这些科技扰乱了每一个国家几乎所有的产业，而这些改变的深度和广度则带来了整个生产、管理和治理系统的转型。

施瓦布把新兴科技的突破视为这个革命的一部分，如人工智能、机器人学、物联网、自动驾驶汽车、3D打印、量子电脑以及纳米科技。^[4] 在第四波的工业革命中，我们将会看到那些具有高度扰乱潜力的新兴科技的大量运用。^[5]

2019年在世界经济论坛达沃斯的会议中指出社会5.0 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）也许是第四次工业革命后的另一波工业革命。^[6]

参考来源

^ The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to respond. World Economic Forum. [2018-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-05）.
^ Compare: Schwab, Klaus. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Publishing Group. 2017 [2016] [2017-06-29]. ISBN 9781524758875. Digital technologies [...] are not new, but in a break with the third industrial revolution, they are becoming more sophisticated and integrated and are, as a result, transforming societies and the global economy. This is the reason why Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professors Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee have famously referred to this period as 'the second machine age,' [...] the title of their 2014 book [...].
^ Schwab, Klaus. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. World Economic Forum. January 11, 2016. ISBN 1944835008.
^ Compare: Schwab, Klaus. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond. World Economic Forum. [2017-06-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-05）. The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented processing power, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these possibilities will be multiplied by emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and quantum computing.
^ Ab Rahman, Airini; et al. Emerging Technologies with Disruptive Effects: A Review (PDF). PERINTIS eJournal. 2017, 7 (2) [21 December 2017]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-12-27）.
^ 世界經濟論壇. [2019-03-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-21）.

[1] The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to respond. World Economic Forum. [2018-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-05）.

[2] Compare: Schwab, Klaus. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Publishing Group. 2017 [2016] [2017-06-29]. ISBN 9781524758875. Digital technologies [...] are not new, but in a break with the third industrial revolution, they are becoming more sophisticated and integrated and are, as a result, transforming societies and the global economy. This is the reason why Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professors Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee have famously referred to this period as 'the second machine age,' [...] the title of their 2014 book [...].

[3] Schwab, Klaus. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. World Economic Forum. January 11, 2016. ISBN 1944835008.

[4] Compare: Schwab, Klaus. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond. World Economic Forum. [2017-06-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-05）. The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented processing power, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these possibilities will be multiplied by emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and quantum computing.

[5] Ab Rahman, Airini; et al. Emerging Technologies with Disruptive Effects: A Review (PDF). PERINTIS eJournal. 2017, 7 (2) [21 December 2017]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-12-27）.

[6] 世界經濟論壇. [2019-03-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-21）.

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