全椎亚目
全椎亚目(Stereospondyli),又称全椎类,是一类生活在中生代的灭绝离片椎目两栖动物,遍布七大洲,生态位类似现代鳄鱼。包括了大部分的离片椎类动物。
全椎亚目 | |
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小嘴螈科的科氏铁面螈Siderops kehli的活体复原图 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
目: | †离片椎目 Temnospondyli |
演化支: | †真离片椎类 Eutemnospondyli |
演化支: | †块椎类 Rhachitomi |
演化支: | †引螈类 Eryopiformes |
演化支: | †湖王类 Limnarchia |
演化支: | †全椎形类 Stereospondylomorpha |
亚目: | †全椎亚目 Stereospondyli |
下级类群 | |
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分类
编辑该类群首次由卡尔·阿尔弗雷德·冯·齐特尔根据全椎亚目物种,如乳齿螈属等独特的椎骨解剖提出[1],该分类的名称来自于“stereospondylous”,描述该类群主要以间椎体和髓弧组成的椎骨。[2]该分类下有很高的椎骨多样性,如类似双椎螈类(Dvinosauroidea)的“双椎型”(diplospondylous,或'tupilakosaurid' condition),即髓弧位于相应的间椎体和侧椎体之间,如短头鲵科的Bothriceps属[3];以及斜横螈科型,即其中一个大型椎体骨化(身份未知)且髓弧位于该椎骨与后一个脊椎之间。[4]该类群的鉴别特征包括其副蝶骨与翼骨的紧密咬合与镫骨沟。[5]
进化历史
编辑全椎亚目首次确切发现于乌拉尔世,由一块来自巴西火石城组(Pedra do Fogo Formation)的莱茵鳄螈科成员的残片代表。[6] 莱茵鳄螈科是最早的全椎亚目成员之一,化石记录主要出现于瓜德鲁普世之后,如早三叠世南非布氏顶螈属(Broomistega)。但是,几乎所有知名的全椎亚目成员不来自古生代的沉积层当中。晚二叠纪的甲螈属(Peltobatrachus)曾被认为是一种全椎亚目。[7]
二叠纪-三叠纪大灭绝后,全椎亚目开始在化石记录中大量出现,尤其在俄罗斯,南非和澳洲。这使Yates & Warren (2000)提出了全椎亚目多在高纬度环境栖息的假设,并因此在大灭绝下被保护下来,并随后从澳洲等地扩散开来。[8],直到早三叠纪的结束,大部分的全椎亚目成员基本都出现了化石记录。
全椎亚目也是存活时间最长的离片椎类,因为三叠纪-侏罗纪大灭绝后鳄型主龙的多样化,大部分的全椎亚目逐渐消失了,小嘴螈科与短头鲵科在侏罗纪的亚洲及澳洲坚持了下来[9][10][11] ,其中包括酷拉螈属,他也是已知最年轻的离片椎类,生活于早白垩世的澳洲[12] There is also sparse evidence for the persistence of some trematosauroids into the Jurassic of Asia.[13] 。
分类
编辑
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参考文献
编辑- ^ von Zittel, Karl A. Handbuch der Paläontologie. Abteilung 1. Paläozoologie Band III: Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves).. Munich & Leipzig: Oldenbourg. 1888: 1–890.
- ^ FRAAS, Eberhard. Die Labyrinthodonten der schwäbischen Trias. [With plates.].. 1889. OCLC 559337958.
- ^ Warren, Anne; Rozefelds, Andrew C.; Bull, Stuart. Tupilakosaur-like vertebrae in Bothriceps australis, an Australian brachyopid stereospondyl. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2011-07-01, 31 (4): 738–753. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 128505160. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.590563.
- ^ Danto, Marylène; Witzmann, Florian; Pierce, Stephanie E.; Fröbisch, Nadia B. Intercentrum versus pleurocentrum growth in early tetrapods: A paleohistological approach. Journal of Morphology. 2017-05-18, 278 (9): 1262–1283. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 28517044. S2CID 38390403. doi:10.1002/jmor.20709.
- ^ Eltink, Estevan; Schoch, Rainer R.; Langer, Max C. Interrelationships, palaeobiogeography and early evolution of Stereospondylomorpha (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli). Journal of Iberian Geology. 2019-04-16, 45 (2): 251–267. ISSN 1698-6180. S2CID 146595773. doi:10.1007/s41513-019-00105-z.
- ^ Cisneros, Juan C.; Marsicano, Claudia; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Richter, Martha; Fröbisch, Jörg; Kammerer, Christian F.; Sadleir, Rudyard W. New Permian fauna from tropical Gondwana. Nature Communications. 2015-11-05, 6 (1): 8676. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8676C. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4659833 . PMID 26537112. doi:10.1038/ncomms9676.
- ^ Panchen, A. L. A new armoured amphibian from the Upper Permian of East Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1959-01-29, 242 (691): 207–281. Bibcode:1959RSPTB.242..207P. ISSN 2054-0280. S2CID 84580225. doi:10.1098/rstb.1959.0005.
- ^ YATES, ADAM M.; WARREN, A. ANNE. The phylogeny of the 'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. January 2000, 128 (1): 77–121. ISSN 0024-4082. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00650.x .
- ^ Warren, A. A.; Hutchinson, M. N. The last Labyrinthodont? A new brachyopoid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the early Jurassic Evergreen formation of Queensland, Australia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences. 1983-09-13, 303 (1113): 1–62. Bibcode:1983RSPTB.303....1W. ISSN 0080-4622. doi:10.1098/rstb.1983.0080.
- ^ Buffetaut, Eric; Tong, Haiyan; Suteethorn, Varavudh. First post-Triassic labyrinthodont amphibian in South East Asia: a temnospondyl intercentrum from the Jurassic of Thailand. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte. 1994-07-13, 1994 (7): 385–390. ISSN 0028-3630. doi:10.1127/njgpm/1994/1994/385.
- ^ Maisch, Michael W.; Matzke, Andreas T. Temnospondyl amphibians from the Jurassic of the Southern Junggar Basin (NW China). Paläontologische Zeitschrift. June 2005, 79 (2): 285–301. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 129446067. doi:10.1007/bf02990189.
- ^ Warren, Anne; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia. The last labyrinthodonts. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A. 1997, 247: 1–24. S2CID 247068275. doi:10.1127/pala/247/1997/1.
- ^ Maisch, Michael W.; Matzke, Andreas T.; Sun, Ge. A relict trematosauroid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Middle Jurassic of the Junggar Basin (NW China). Naturwissenschaften. 2004-09-24, 91 (12): 589–593. Bibcode:2004NW.....91..589M. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 15448923. S2CID 24738999. doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0569-x.