弗林特水危机
弗林特水危机是指2014年至2019年期间美国密歇根州弗林特爆发的饮用水危机。当地的饮用水受到铅和退伍军人杆菌属细菌的污染。 [1] 弗林特已老化水管中的铅渗入当地的供水系统,使得当地约10万居民面临铅中毒风险。 [2]有6,000至12,000 名儿童饮用了铅含量过高的饮用水。[3] 弗林特所在的杰纳西县还爆发了军团病疫情,导致12人死亡,87人被感染。 [4][5][6]
2016年1月5日,密歇根州州长里克·斯奈德宣布弗林特所在的杰纳西县进入紧急状态,此后不久,美国总统贝拉克·奥巴马宣布授权联邦紧急事务管理署和美国国土安全部向当地提供援助。 [7]
四名政府官员因水危机处理不当而离职。2021年1月,已卸任密歇根州州长的里克·斯奈德和其他8名官员被指控犯下34项重罪和7项轻罪。[8]两名官员被指控犯下过失杀人罪。 [9] 截至2020年8月20日,水危机的受害者共获得总计6亿美元的赔偿。 [10]
截至2021年7月16日,当局已检查了27,133条供水管道,更换了10,059根铅管。[11]弗林特当局还向当地居民提供过滤器,并为全市几乎每户人家铺设了铜制管道。 政客表示当地的自来水已“与密歇根州其他城市的水质一样好”。然而由于缺乏信任,许多当地居民依然拒绝饮用供水系统提供的自来水。 [12]
参考文献
编辑- ^ Kennedy, Merrit. Lead-Laced Water In Flint: A Step-By-Step Look At The Makings Of A Crisis. NPR. April 20, 2016 [May 8, 2018]. (原始内容存档于December 6, 2017) (英语).
- ^ Clearfield, Chris; Tilcsik, András. Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It. New York: Penguin Press. 2018: 121–128. ISBN 978-0-7352-2263-2.
- ^ Keller, Andrew. United Way estimates cost of helping children $100M. WNEM-TV. January 18, 2016 [July 25, 2020]. (原始内容存档于February 3, 2016).
- ^ Shamus, Kristen Jordan. State: McLaren Flint was primary source of Legionnaires' outbreak. The Detroit Free Press. May 30, 2018 [July 25, 2020]. (原始内容存档于January 6, 2023). 参数
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) (帮助) - ^ Al Hajal, Khalil. 87 cases, 10 fatal, of "Legionella" bacteria found in Flint area; connection to water crisis unclear. The Flint Journal. January 13, 2016 [January 30, 2016]. (原始内容存档于January 27, 2016) –通过MLive.com.
- ^ Smith, Anya F.; Huss, Anke; Dorevitch, Samuel; Heijnen, Leo; Arntzen, Vera H.; Davies, Megan; Robert-Du Ry van Beest Holle, Mirna; Fujita, Yuki; Verschoor, Antonie M.; Raterman, Bernard; Oesterholt, Frank. Multiple Sources of the Outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease in Genesee County, Michigan, in 2014 and 2015. Environmental Health Perspectives. December 2019, 127 (12): 127001. ISSN 1552-9924. PMC 6957290 . PMID 31799878. doi:10.1289/EHP5663.
- ^ President Obama Signs Michigan Emergency Declaration. whitehouse.gov (Official White House press release). January 16, 2016 [January 16, 2016]. (原始内容存档于February 14, 2017) –通过National Archives.
- ^ Nine Michigan Leaders Face Charges in Water Crisis that Roiled Flint. The New York Times. January 14, 2021 [January 14, 2021]. (原始内容存档于January 14, 2021).
- ^ 2 ex-health officials charged with manslaughter in Flint. Fox 40. January 14, 2021 [January 14, 2021]. (原始内容存档于January 14, 2021).
- ^ Youngest Flint water crisis victims to get 80 percent of historic $600 million settlement. The Flint Journal. August 20, 2020 [August 20, 2020]. (原始内容存档于January 3, 2021) –通过MLive.com.
- ^ Service Line Replacement Program. City of Flint. [September 2, 2021]. (原始内容存档于September 15, 2022) (美国英语).
- ^ Robertson, Derek. Flint Has Clean Water Now. Why Won't People Drink It?. Politico. December 23, 2020 [2022-11-09]. (原始内容存档于January 17, 2021) (英语).