积极心态
积极心态(英语:Positive mental attitude,缩写:PMA)是美国作家拿破仑·希尔于1937年在《思考致富》一书中首次提出的概念。该书实际上从未使用过这个术语,但讨论了积极思维作为成功因素的重要性[1]。希尔后来与联合保险创始人W·克莱门特·史东一起撰写了《通过积极的心态获得成功》(Success Through a Positive Mental Attitude)一书,他将积极的心态定义为由信念、正直、希望、乐观、 勇气、主动、慷慨、宽容、机敏、善良和良好的常识等词语所代表的“加”的特征[2]。
积极心态是一种哲学,它主张在生活中的任何情况下保持乐观的态度,从而吸引积极的变化,增加成就感[3]。无论在什么情况下,信徒都会采取一种不断寻求、发现和执行获胜方法或找到理想结果的心态。这种观念与消极、失败主义和绝望相反。乐观和希望对积极心态的发展至关重要[4]。
积极心态是一种从微小的快乐中寻找更大快乐的哲学,是一种毫不犹豫、毫不保留地生活的哲学,是我们最珍惜、最崇敬、最高的个人美德和价值观。
心理学
编辑积极心态属于正面心理学的范畴。在正面心理学中,高自我效能感有助于获得习得乐观,最终形成积极心态。积极心态被认为是影响外在因素的内部控制焦点。研究表明,透过情绪商数培训和正面心理学治疗,可以改变一个人的态度和观念,从而改善个人和职业生活[5]。
体育
编辑一项对美国职棒大联盟球员的研究表明,大联盟球员区别于小联盟和所有其他级别球员的关键因素是他们发展心理特征和心理技能的能力。其中包括心理韧性、自信、保持积极心态、应对失败、期望和积极的自我对话[6]。
健康
编辑在美国和类似文化中,善意的朋友经常鼓励疾病患者保持积极心态[7]。然而,虽然积极心态会带来一些直接的好处,也会让其他人感到更舒服,但它并不会带来更大的治愈机会或更长的存活时间[8][9]。
一项针对爱滋病毒呈阳性者的研究发现,较高的健康自我效能感、以任务为导向的应对方式和积极心态是促进健康的生活方式的有力预测因素,而这种生活方式对整体健康(因应和存活)有显著影响[10]。
参见
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ Hill, Napoleon. Think and grow rich Rev. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Crest. 1960. ISBN 0449214923.
- ^ Hill, Napoleon; Stone, W. Clement Stone; preface by Og Mandino; with a new introduction by W. Clement. Success through a positive mental attitude. New York: Pocket Books. 1987. ISBN 0671743228.
- ^ Eagleson, Claire. The power of positive thinking: Pathological worry is reduced by thought replacement in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. March 2016, 78: 13–18. PMC 4760272 . PMID 26802793. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.017 .
- ^ Chang, Edward C. (编). Optimism & pessimism implications for theory, research, and practice 1st. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2001: 101–125. ISBN 1-55798-691-6.
- ^ Ellis, Ross; Ryan, J. A. Emotional Intelligence and Positive Psychology: Therapist Tools for Training/Coaching Clients to Move Beyond Emotional Relief. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association. 2005, 8 (3): 42–43.
- ^ Wagner, Kimberly. The mental skills and characteristics related to a major league baseball player's performance: A qualitative study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2011, 71 (8–B): 5150.
- ^ Flanagan, Caitlin. I'll Tell You the Secret of Cancer. The Atlantic. 2021-08-23 [2021-08-23] (英语).
- ^ Sulik, Gayle A. Pink ribbon blues : how breast cancer culture undermines women's health. New York: Oxford University Press. 2011: 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-974993-5. OCLC 669499803.
- ^ Hopewood, Peter; Milroy, Mary J. Quality Cancer Care: Survivorship Before, During and After Treatment. Springer. 2018-05-29: 157. ISBN 978-3-319-78649-0 (英语).
...longer survival time is not directly linked to being in a cancer support group
- ^ Larry, R. S. Exploring the relationships between perceived health self-efficacy, coping and health-promoting behaviors among non-substance abusing vs. substance abusing patients with HIV disease. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2010, 71 (1–B): 661.