第一舰队 (大不列颠王国)
第一舰队(英语:First Fleet)是由11艘英国船只组成的舰队,将第一批英国殖民者和囚犯送到主要领土之外的澳洲大陆。第一舰队由2艘英国皇家海军护航舰艇、3艘补给船和6艘囚犯运输船组成,由英国皇家海军上校亚瑟·菲利普带领。舰队人数总计超过1,400人(包含囚犯、海军陆战队队员、海员、城市文官和自由定居者),其中大部分人(707人)是囚犯,并有180人是女性。同时舰队还携带大量货物。1787年5月13日,亚瑟·菲利普率领第一舰队从英格兰朴茨茅斯出发,先是前往里约热内卢,接著往东前往开普敦,并沿著南冰洋航行。
在经过250多天的航行时间,第一舰队抵达澳洲新南威尔斯州植物学湾,行程超过24,000公里(15,000英里)。不过由于没有找到适合登陆的港湾,第一舰队继续航行。1788年1月26日,第一舰队在雪梨港登陆,并将该处建设流放地。登陆地点雪梨以政治家第一代雪梨子爵汤玛斯·汤森命名,成为英国在澳洲首个定居点,也是欧洲在澳洲首个殖民地。第一舰队成员也因而成为澳大利亚洲首批欧洲定居者,标志著澳洲殖民历史的开始。在这过后,英国不断向澳洲运送囚犯,并在澳洲发展和定居。而第一舰队登陆雪梨港的日子被定为澳洲日。
参考文献
编辑- Bladen, F. M. (编). Historical Records of New South Wales. Vol. 2. Grose and Paterson, 1793–1795. Mona Vale: Lansdown Slattery. 1968. ISBN 978-0868330037.
- Frost, Alan; Moutinho, Isabel. The precarious life of James Mario Matra : voyager with Cook, American loyalist, servant of empire. The Miegunyah Press. 1995. ISBN 9780522846676.
- Frost, Alan. The First Fleet: the real story. Collingwood: Black Inc. 2012. ISBN 9781863955614.
- Gillen, Mollie. The Founders of Australia: a Biographical Dictionary of the First Fleet. Sydney: Library of Australian History. 1989. ISBN 978-0908120697.
- Hill, David. 1788: the brutal truth of the First Fleet: the biggest single migration the world had ever seen. North Sydney: Heinemann. 2008. ISBN 9781741667974.
- Lewis, Wendy; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John. Events That Shaped Australia 2. Frenchs Forest: New Holland. 2011. ISBN 9781742572246.
- Mundle, Rob. The First Fleet. Sydney: Harper Collins. 2014. ISBN 9780733332364.
- O'Brien, Eris. The Foundation of Australia (1786–1800) 2. London: Greenwood P. 1970. ISBN 9780837129686.
- Parker, Derek. Arthur Phillip: Australia's First Governor. Warriewood: Woodslane P. 2009. ISBN 9781921203992.
外部链接
编辑- Complete list of the convicts of the First Fleet (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Searchable database of First Fleet convicts (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The First Fleet – State Library of NSW (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- State Library of NSW – First Fleet Re-enactment Company records, 1978–1990: Presented by Drs Trish and Wally Franklin (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- State Library of NSW – First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage 1987-1988 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The First Fleet (1788) and The Re-enactment Fleet (1988) Some Untold History – Dr Wally Franklin and Dr Trish Franklin: An address to celebrate the 229th Anniversary of the sailing of the First Fleet from Portsmouth on 13th May 1787 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales - 古腾堡计划
- The Voyage of Governor Phillip To Botany Bay - 古腾堡计划
- Project Gutenberg Australia: The First Fleet (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Convict Records (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Convict Transportation Registers Database (Online) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) University of Queensland. Accessed 9 February 2015.
- "St. John's First Fleeters" 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期5 February 2018. in Michaela Ann Cameron (ed.), The St. John's Cemetery Project (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), (2018): an edited collection of biographies and profiles on the 50+ First Fleeters buried in Australia's oldest surviving European cemetery: St John's Cemetery, Parramatta