拉那克山口
拉那克山口 (藏語:ལ་ནག་ལ,藏語拼音:Lanag La; 漢語拼音:Lā nà kè shānkǒu; 印地語:लानक दर्रा)是在有爭議的阿克賽欽地區的一個山口,印度主張它是 中國-印度邊界山口。拉那克山口位於阿克賽欽在察坎山(Chāmkang) 34°25′18″N 79°13′36″E / 34.42167°N 79.22667°E 和Samkang34°24′45″N 79°04′27″E / 34.41250°N 79.07417°E 以南,目前這一部分目前納入中國西藏自治區阿里地區日土縣管轄,最近的村落是距離山口120公里的東汝鄉松西村。
拉那克山口 | |
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ལ་ནག་ལ | |
海拔 | 5,466公尺(17,933英尺) |
穿過 | 西藏省道S519 |
位置 | 西藏自治區阿里地區日土縣 |
坐標 | 34°23′38″N 79°32′21″E / 34.3938°N 79.5391°E |
歷史
編輯從1820年起,旅行家William_Moorcroft證實,拉那克山口曾經是拉達克和西藏之間一個完善的邊界點。[1]幾位旅行者在19世紀末和20世紀初寫道,印度和西藏之間的傳統邊界在拉那克山口。他們還表示,印度和西藏雙方都接受了邊界。[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] 從羌臣摩河河谷到拉那克山口的地區有大量的查謨和克什米爾政府記錄。除了收入記錄、1908年拉達克定居點報告、幾個調查小組的報告、1951年的查謨和克什米爾野生動物保護法外,還有克什米爾的文件有關在羌臣摩河河谷建設和維護貿易路線、休息室和倉庫。他們都將整個羌臣摩河河谷一直延伸到拉那克山口在拉達克管轄下。[10]
直到1951年,中國地圖也承認拉那克山口為邊界。[11]1956 年,中華人民共和國公布了第一張自定義地圖,其中以空喀山口34°20′06″N 79°02′07″E / 34.335°N 79.0353°E為界線。直到 1956 年,那裡一直插着印度國旗。[12][13]中國直到1958年6月才出現在拉那克山口地區,當時一支印度巡邏隊沿着羌臣摩河河谷到拉那克山口。[14][15]次年,中國軍隊已滲入羌臣摩河河谷。1959年10月,當印度邊境巡邏隊試圖在空喀山口附近設置哨所時,[16][17]他們遭到中國軍隊的伏擊,其中一些人被殺,另一些人被俘。[17]中印雙方關於空喀山口事件各執一詞。
一些西方學者,如Larry_Wortzel和Allen_S._Whiting,似乎支持中國人聲稱空喀山口是西藏「傳統」邊界的說法。[18][19]然而,其他學者指出了中國的不一致之處。[20][21]
歷史地圖
編輯
參考
編輯- ^ Richardson, H. E. A Short History of Tibet. E. P. Dutton. 1962: 225.[失效連結]
- ^ Wellby, M.S. Through Unknown Tibet. Lippincott. 1898: 78. ISBN 9788120610583.
- ^ Carey, A. D. A Journey round Chinese Turkistan and along the Northern frontier of Tibet. Proceedings of the Royal Geographic Society. 1887, 9 (12): 731–752 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1801130. doi:10.2307/1801130. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-22).
- ^ Bower, Hamilton, Diary of A Journey across Tibet, London, 1894
- ^ Rawling, C. G., The Great Plateau Being An Account Of Exploration In Central Tibet, 1903, And Of The Gartok Expedition 1904-1905, p 38, London, 1905
- ^ Deasy, H. H. P. Journeys in Central Asia. The Geographical Journal. Aug 1900, 6 (2): 142 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1774554. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-22).
- ^ Bruce, C. D. A Journey across Asia from Leh to Peking. The Geographical Journal. Jun 1907, 29 (6): 600 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1776269. doi:10.2307/1776269. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-22).
- ^ Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question - Part 2 (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs, India, 1961. [30 August 2013]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於21 September 2013).
- ^ Verma, Virendra Sahai. Sino-Indian Border Dispute At Aksai Chin - A Middle Path For Resolution (PDF). Journal of Development Alternatives and Area Studies. 2006, 25 (3): 6–8 [30 August 2013]. ISSN 1651-9728. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-10-19).
- ^ Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 112
- ^ Karackattu, Joe Thomas. The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan. Asian Affairs. 2020, 51 (3): 590–604. S2CID 222093756. doi:10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726.
- ^ Hudson, Geoffrey Francis. Far Eastern Affairs, Volume 3. St. Martin's Press. 1963: 20.
- ^ Notes, Memoranda and letters Exchanged and Agreements signed between The Governments of India and China - White Paper VIII (PDF). [30 August 2013]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於21 September 2013).
- ^ Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990), p. 77: "This company was commanded by the most experienced Indian patrol leader in Ladakh, one Karam Singh, who (the previous June) had taken a patrol through Hot Spring, Kongka Pass, and then forty miles further to Lanak La. No sign of a Chinese presence had been seen then..."
- ^ Mullik, B. N., My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal, Allied Publishers: 627, 1971 [2022-03-22], (原始內容存檔於2022-03-22)
- ^ Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990), p. 77: "It happened two miles west of the pass, on the banks of the Chang Chenmo River." (emphasis added)
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Maxwell, Neville. India's China War. New York: Pantheon. 1970: 13.
- ^ Wortzel, Larry. Burkitt, Laurie; Scobell, Andrew; Wortzel, Larry , 編. The Lessons of History: The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75 (PDF). 戰略研究所, 美國陸軍戰爭學院. 2003: 331 [2022-03-22]. ISBN 9781428916517. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-02-05).
- ^ Whiting, Allen S. The Sino-Soviet Split. MacFarquhar, Roderick; Fairbank, John K. (編). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 14. Cambridge University Press. 1987: 512. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0.
- ^ Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 101: "Confusion as to the extent of the Chang Chenmo valley between the Lanak and Kongka passes continued to be a feature of Chinese cartography even after the Communists came to power.... the flexibility shown by official Chinese cartographers here and on other sections of the border makes mockery of China's oft-repeated claim that its concept of the border has a solid basis in history."
- ^ Van Eekelen, Willem Frederik, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China, Springer: 164, 1967 [2022-03-22], ISBN 978-94-017-6555-8, (原始內容存檔於2022-05-04),
The Chinese could not quote a single document confirming that the Kongka Pass constituted the boundary.... The thorough approach of the Indian side generally contrasted with an inconsistent and almost careless presentation by the Chinese officials.
- ^ Drew, Frederic, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account, E. Stanford, 1875 –透過archive.org
參考書目
編輯- Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A., Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh, Praeger, 1963 –透過archive.org
外部連結
編輯喀喇崑崙走廊和阿克賽欽的相關位置圖 |
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