極北蝰

極北蝰
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	爬蟲綱 Reptilia
目：	有鱗目 Squamata
亞目：	蛇亞目 Serpentes
科：	蝰科 Viperidae
屬：	蝰屬 Vipera
種：	極北蝰 V. berus
二名法
	Vipera berus; (Linnaeus, 1758)
異名
	列表 [Coluber] berus Linnaeus, 1758; [Coluber] Chersea Linnaeus, 1758; Coluber prester Linnaeus, 1761; Coluber vipera Anglorum Laurenti, 1768; Coluber Melanis Pallas, 1771; Coluber Scytha Pallas, 1773; C[oluber]. Scytha — Bonnaterre, 1790; Vipera melanis — Sonnini & Latreille, 1801; Vipera berus — Daudin, 1803; Vipera chersea — Daudin, 1803; Vipera prester — Daudin, 1803; [Coluber] Caeruleus Sheppard, 1804; Vipera communis Leach, 1817; Coluber chersea var. marasso Pollini, 1818; [Pelias] berus — Merrem, 1820; [Vipera] marasso — Sette, 1821; Vipera limnaea Bendiscioli, 1826; Vipera trilamina Millet, 1828; [Pelias] Chersea — Wagler, 1830; Vipera torva Lenz, 1832; Pelias dorsalis Gray, 1842; V[ipera]. Prester var. gagatina Freyer, 1842; Echidnoides trilamina — Mauduyt, 1844; Vipera Pelias Soubeiran, 1855; Pelias berus var. Prester — Günther, 1858; Pelias berus var. Chersea — Günther, 1858; P[elias berus]. Var. dorsalis — Cope, 1860; P[elias berus]. Var. niger Cope, 1860; V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus — Jan, 1863; V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus var. prester ; — Jan, 1863; V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus var. lymnaea ; — Jan, 1863; Pelias Chersea — Erber, 1863; Pelias berus — Erber, 1863; Vipera berus var. prester ; — Jan & Sordelli, 1874; Vipera berus [berus] — Boettger, 1889; [Vipera berus] var. montana Méhelÿ, 1893; Vipera berus — Boulenger, 1896; Pelias berus lugubris Kashehenko, 1902; Vipera berus pelias — Chabanaud, 1923; [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma brunneomarcata A.F. Reuss, 1923; [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma luteoalba A.F. Reuss, 1923; [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma ochracea asymmetrica A.F. Reuss, 1923; [Vipera (Pelias) berus] rudolphi-marchica A.F. Reuss, 1924; [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma bilineata A.F. Reuss, 1924; Vipera (Pelias) berus forma ; chersea-splendens A.F. Reuss, 1925; Vipera (Pelias) berus forma ; ochracea-splendens A.F. Reuss, 1925; Vipera (Pelias) berus forma rutila ; A.F. Reuss, 1925; Vipera (Pelias) berus forma punctata ; A.F. Reuss, 1925; Coluber sachalinensis continentalis Nikolski, 1927; P[elias]. sudetica A.F. Reuss, 1927; (nomen nudum); V[ipera]. berus marchici A.F. Reuss, 1927; Vipera berus rudolphi A.F. Reuss, 1927; (nomen nudum); Vipera berus berus ; — Mertens & L. Müller, 1928; [Pelias] elberfeldi A.F. Reuss, 1929; Pelias rudolphi — A.F. Reuss, 1930; Pelias schöttleri A.F. Reuss, 1930; P[elias]. tyrolensis A.F. Reuss, 1930; Pelias schreiberi A.F. Reuss, 1930; Pelias flavescens A.F. Reuss, 1930; (nomen nudum); Pelias subalpina A.F. Reuss, 1930; (nomen nudum); Pelias neglecta A.F. Reuss, 1932; Vipera berus sphagnosa Krassawzef, 1932; Pelias occidentalis A.F. Reuss, 1933; Pelias occidentalis oldesloensis ; A.F. Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum); Pelias occidentalis orbensis ; A.F. Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum); Pelias sudetica forma steinii ; A.F. Reuss, 1935 (nomen nudum); Vipera marchici — A.F. Reuss, 1935; Pelias sudetica steinii forma emarcata A.F. Reuss, 1937 (nomen illegitimum); Vipera (Vipera) berus berus — Obst, 1983; Vipera berus forma brunneomarcata ; — Golay et al., 1993; Vipera berus forma ; ochracea-asymmetrica — Golay et al., 1993; Vipera berus forma luteoalba ; — Golay et al., 1993; Pelias schoettleri — Golay et al., 1993; Coluber coeruleus — Golay et al., 1993; Vipera berus — Golay et al., 1993;

極北蝰（學名：Vipera berus）為蝰屬的一種毒蛇，俗名龍紋蝰。分布於中亞和北亞森林草原地區、歐洲北部和中部山區以及中國大陸的新疆、吉林等地，多生活於溫帶、寒帶的林區和草原草甸區、闊葉林、針葉林、混交林及沼澤地以及以樹根洞穴中或石塊下為其隱蔽場所。其生存的海拔上限為2700米。該物種的模式產地在歐洲。

分類

它有三個亞種：^[3]

亞種	命名人	分佈
V. b. berus	(Linnaeus, 1758)	歐洲和北亞
V. b. bosniensis	Boettger, 1889	巴爾幹半島
V. b. sachalinensis	Zarevskij, 1917	俄羅斯遠東

特徵

體長一般為55 cm（22英寸）^[4]，不同地區的個體大小也不同。最大的個體發現於斯堪的納維亞，長90 cm（35英寸）。其體重在50—180克（1.8—6.3盎司）之間^[5]。

毒性

毒牙

它是歐洲常見的毒蛇，每年都有人畜被咬案例。光瑞典每年就有約1,300人被咬，其中約12%需要就醫。現有至少八種可用於治療其咬傷的抗蛇毒素。^[6]

相比其他蝰蛇來說，極北蝰的毒性並不強。其小鼠半數致死劑量為0.55 mg/kg（靜脈注射）、0.80 mg/kg（腹膜內注射）和6.45 mg/kg（皮下注射）。對人類來說，其咬傷一般並非特別致命。就英國而言，自1876年以來全英只有14人死於極北蝰蛇毒。^[4]

保護

雌性

包括挪威、丹麥和英國在內的部分歐洲國家禁止捕殺、傷害或交易極北蝰，瑞士也把它列為瀕危物種^[7]。但它本身為IUCN無危物種^[1]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 J.C. Isailovic; M. Vogrin; C. Corti; P. Sá-Sousa; M. Cheylan; J.M. Pleguezuelos; L. Tomović; B. Sterijovski; U. Joger; A. Westerström; B. Borczyk; B. Schmidt; A. Meyer; R. Sindaco; D. Jelić. Vipera berus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T157248A5059709 [13 January 2020].
^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
^ Vipera berus. ITIS. [15 August 2006].
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
^ Olsson, M.; Madsen, T.; Shine, R. Is sperm really so cheap? Costs of reproduction in male adders,Vipera berus. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 1997, 264 (1380): 455–459. JSTOR 50437. PMC 1688262  . doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0065. (includes chart showing range of male mass in one population)
^ Vipera berus antivenoms （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at Munich Antivenom Index （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Accessed 15 September 2006.
^ Monney JC, Meyer A. (2005). Rote Liste der gefährdeten Reptilien der Schweiz. Hrsg. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft BUWAL, Bern und Koordinationsstelle für Amphibien- und Reptilienschutz der Schweiz, Bern. BUWAL-Reihe.

[IUCN-1] 1.0 ^1.1 J.C. Isailovic; M. Vogrin; C. Corti; P. Sá-Sousa; M. Cheylan; J.M. Pleguezuelos; L. Tomović; B. Sterijovski; U. Joger; A. Westerström; B. Borczyk; B. Schmidt; A. Meyer; R. Sindaco; D. Jelić. Vipera berus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T157248A5059709 [13 January 2020].

[McD99-2] McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

[ITIS-3] Vipera berus. ITIS. [15 August 2006].

[Mal03-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.

[5] Olsson, M.; Madsen, T.; Shine, R. Is sperm really so cheap? Costs of reproduction in male adders,Vipera berus. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 1997, 264 (1380): 455–459. JSTOR 50437. PMC 1688262  . doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0065. (includes chart showing range of male mass in one population)

[MAVIN-6] Vipera berus antivenoms （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at Munich Antivenom Index （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Accessed 15 September 2006.

[7] Monney JC, Meyer A. (2005). Rote Liste der gefährdeten Reptilien der Schweiz. Hrsg. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft BUWAL, Bern und Koordinationsstelle für Amphibien- und Reptilienschutz der Schweiz, Bern. BUWAL-Reihe.

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極北蝰

保護狀況
無危（IUCN 3.1）^[1]
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	爬蟲綱 Reptilia
目：	有鱗目 Squamata
亞目：	蛇亞目 Serpentes
科：	蝰科 Viperidae
屬：	蝰屬 Vipera
種：	極北蝰 V. berus
二名法
*Vipera berus* (Linnaeus, 1758)

異名
列表 [Coluber] berus Linnaeus, 1758 [Coluber] Chersea Linnaeus, 1758 Coluber prester Linnaeus, 1761 Coluber vipera Anglorum Laurenti, 1768 Coluber Melanis Pallas, 1771 Coluber Scytha Pallas, 1773 C[oluber]. Scytha — Bonnaterre, 1790 Vipera melanis — Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Vipera berus — Daudin, 1803 Vipera chersea — Daudin, 1803 Vipera prester — Daudin, 1803 [Coluber] Caeruleus Sheppard, 1804 Vipera communis Leach, 1817 Coluber chersea var. marasso Pollini, 1818 [Pelias] berus — Merrem, 1820 [Vipera] marasso — Sette, 1821 Vipera limnaea Bendiscioli, 1826 Vipera trilamina Millet, 1828 [Pelias] Chersea — Wagler, 1830 Vipera torva Lenz, 1832 Pelias dorsalis Gray, 1842 V[ipera]. Prester var. gagatina Freyer, 1842 Echidnoides trilamina — Mauduyt, 1844 Vipera Pelias Soubeiran, 1855 Pelias berus var. Prester — Günther, 1858 Pelias berus var. Chersea — Günther, 1858 P[elias berus]. Var. dorsalis — Cope, 1860 P[elias berus]. Var. niger Cope, 1860 V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus — Jan, 1863 V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus var. prester — Jan, 1863 V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus var. lymnaea — Jan, 1863 Pelias Chersea — Erber, 1863 Pelias berus — Erber, 1863 Vipera berus var. prester — Jan & Sordelli, 1874 Vipera berus [berus] — Boettger, 1889 [Vipera berus] var. montana Méhelÿ, 1893 Vipera berus — Boulenger, 1896 Pelias berus lugubris Kashehenko, 1902 Vipera berus pelias — Chabanaud, 1923 [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma brunneomarcata A.F. Reuss, 1923 [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma luteoalba A.F. Reuss, 1923 [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma ochracea asymmetrica A.F. Reuss, 1923 [Vipera (Pelias) berus] rudolphi-marchica A.F. Reuss, 1924 [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma bilineata A.F. Reuss, 1924 Vipera (Pelias) berus forma chersea-splendens A.F. Reuss, 1925 Vipera (Pelias) berus forma ochracea-splendens A.F. Reuss, 1925 Vipera (Pelias) berus forma rutila A.F. Reuss, 1925 Vipera (Pelias) berus forma punctata A.F. Reuss, 1925 Coluber sachalinensis continentalis Nikolski, 1927 P[elias]. sudetica A.F. Reuss, 1927 (nomen nudum) V[ipera]. berus marchici A.F. Reuss, 1927 Vipera berus rudolphi A.F. Reuss, 1927 (nomen nudum) Vipera berus berus — Mertens & L. Müller, 1928 [Pelias] elberfeldi A.F. Reuss, 1929 Pelias rudolphi — A.F. Reuss, 1930 Pelias schöttleri A.F. Reuss, 1930 P[elias]. tyrolensis A.F. Reuss, 1930 Pelias schreiberi A.F. Reuss, 1930 Pelias flavescens A.F. Reuss, 1930 (nomen nudum) Pelias subalpina A.F. Reuss, 1930 (nomen nudum) Pelias neglecta A.F. Reuss, 1932 Vipera berus sphagnosa Krassawzef, 1932 Pelias occidentalis A.F. Reuss, 1933 Pelias occidentalis oldesloensis A.F. Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum) Pelias occidentalis orbensis A.F. Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum) Pelias sudetica forma steinii A.F. Reuss, 1935 (nomen nudum) Vipera marchici — A.F. Reuss, 1935 Pelias sudetica steinii forma emarcata A.F. Reuss, 1937 (nomen illegitimum) Vipera (Vipera) berus berus — Obst, 1983 Vipera berus forma brunneomarcata — Golay et al., 1993 Vipera berus forma ochracea-asymmetrica — Golay et al., 1993 Vipera berus forma luteoalba — Golay et al., 1993 Pelias schoettleri — Golay et al., 1993 Coluber coeruleus — Golay et al., 1993 Vipera berus — Golay et al., 1993^[2]