火山碎屑岩筒

火山碎屑岩筒（英語：diatreme），有時被稱為maar-diatreme火山，是由氣體爆炸形成的火山通道。當岩漿通過地殼裂縫上升並與淺層地下水接觸時，會造成熾熱的水蒸氣，它和火山氣體一起的快速膨脹，引起一系列爆炸。而留下了一個相對較淺的低平火山口（maar）。原來地殼裂縫的通道也最後被岩石充滿。當火山碎屑岩筒突破地表時，一般形成陡峭的倒錐形火山錐。火山碎屑岩筒一詞亦可指，由爆炸或靜水壓力造成的，任何由破碎岩石形成的凹形體。無論它是否與火山作用有關，這個詞來自古希臘語^[1]。

分佈

火山碎屑岩筒火山是陸上和島嶼上第二常見的火山類型。大多數火成岩侵入體不會產生火山碎屑岩筒，因爲必須有地下水才能形成火山碎屑岩筒^[2]。例如加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省的 Blackfoot diatreme 和 Cross diatreme皆爲火山碎屑岩筒^[3]。

經濟地質

火山碎屑岩筒有時與經濟礦床共生，例如起源於上地幔的金伯利岩岩漿。當此岩漿侵入而形成火山碎屑岩筒時，可帶出形成於150-200公里深度的鑽石。金伯利岩岩漿有時含大塊鑽石的捕虜岩，更具經濟效益^[4]。

參考文獻

^ J.D.L. White andP.S. Ross(2011) Maar-diatreme volcanoes: A review,Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,Volume 201, Issues 1–4,Pages 1-29, ISSN 0377-0273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.01.010. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027311000357 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）)
^ Lorenz, V. On the growth of maars and diatremes and its relevance to the formation of tuff rings. Bull Volcanol 48, 265–274 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01081755
^ Hall, D & Hpt-Lasraeor, H & Scuur-Zp, D & Hall, Douglas & Helmstaedt, Herwart & D.J.Schulze,. (2019). The cross diatreme, British columbia, canada: A kimberlite in a young orogenic belt
^ VOLKER LORENZ(1975) FORMATION OF PHREATOMAGMATIC MAAR–DIATREME VOLCANOES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO KIMBERLITE DIATREMES, Editor(s): L.H. AHRENS, J.B. DAWSON, A.R. DUNCAN, A.J. ERLANK, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Pergamon, Pages 17-27, ISBN 9780080180175, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-018017-5.50006-7. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080180175500067 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）)

[”White”-1] J.D.L. White andP.S. Ross(2011) Maar-diatreme volcanoes: A review,Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,Volume 201, Issues 1–4,Pages 1-29, ISSN 0377-0273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.01.010. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027311000357 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）)

[”Lorenz”-2] Lorenz, V. On the growth of maars and diatremes and its relevance to the formation of tuff rings. Bull Volcanol 48, 265–274 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01081755

[”-3] Hall, D & Hpt-Lasraeor, H & Scuur-Zp, D & Hall, Douglas & Helmstaedt, Herwart & D.J.Schulze,. (2019). The cross diatreme, British columbia, canada: A kimberlite in a young orogenic belt

[”VOLKER”-4] VOLKER LORENZ(1975) FORMATION OF PHREATOMAGMATIC MAAR–DIATREME VOLCANOES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO KIMBERLITE DIATREMES, Editor(s): L.H. AHRENS, J.B. DAWSON, A.R. DUNCAN, A.J. ERLANK, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Pergamon, Pages 17-27, ISBN 9780080180175, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-018017-5.50006-7. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080180175500067 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）)

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