5.9千年事件

5.9千年事件是全新世一場強烈的乾旱事件，發生在5,900年前，即公元前3,900年。結束了新石器亞雨期，可能開始了撒哈拉的沙漠化進程。因此，這一事件觸發了全北非範圍內的人類遷居於河谷，例如從北非遷往尼羅河谷，大量人口突然聚集在尼羅河，導致了公元前的第4個千年的第一個人類國家的出現^[1]，為後來古埃及乃至身受其影響的西方文明確立了基石。

原因

傑拉德·克拉克·邦德（英語：Gerard C. Bond）於1997年提出，5.9千年事件源自北大西洋的冰山漂流以及其它原因產生的每1470± 500年的北大西洋准周期冷卻^[2]。由於某些原因，這些早期的乾旱事件，包括8.2千年事件，都跟隨着恢復過程，例如撒哈拉地區在10,000至6,000年前的濕潤環境^[3]。但5.9千年事件之後頂多有個部分恢復，之後是又過了一個千年後的快速乾旱。1998年，Mauro Cremaschi給出了利比亞西南的快速乾旱的證據，風蝕加劇、沙侵、岩石崩塌^[4]。

Martin Claussen在1999年提出的一個模型，認為第4次「1500年氣候週期」的冷卻事件產生了荒漠化^[5]。

5.9千年事件在中國的洱海沉積中是一個變冷事件^[6]。

後果

5.9千年事件在中東造成了歐貝德文化的突然結束^[7]。

參見

4.2千年事件

參考文獻

^ Brooks, Nick. Cultural responses to aridity in the Middle Holocene and increased social complexity. Quaternary International. Dark nature: responses of humans and ecosystems to rapid environmental changes. 2006-07-01, 151 (1) [2022-08-05]. Bibcode:2006QuInt.151...29B. ISSN 1040-6182. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.01.013. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-24）（英語）.
^ Bond, Gerard; Showers, William; Cheseby, Maziet; Lotti, Rusty; Almasi, Peter; deMenocal, Peter; Priore, Paul; Cullen, Heidi; Hajdas, Irka; Bonani, Georges. A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates. Science. 1997-11-14, 278 (5341) [2022-08-05]. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1257B. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.278.5341.1257. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-06）（英語）.
^ Petit-Maire, N.; Beufort, L.; Page, N. Holocene climate change and man in the present day Sahara desert. Nüzhet Dalfes, H.; Kukla, G.; Weiss, H. (編). Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. Berlin: Springer. 1997: 297–308. ISBN 978-3-540-61892-8.
^ Cremaschi, M. Late Quaternary geological evidence for environmental changes in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). Cremaschi, M.; Di Lernia, S. (Eds.) (編). Wadi Teshuinat: Palaeoenvironment and prehistory in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). Firenze: Ed. All' Insegna del Giglio. 1998: 13–47. ISBN 978-88-7814-144-5.
^ Claussen, Martin; Kubatzki, Claudia; Brovkin, Victor; Ganopolski, Andrey; Hoelzmann, Philipp; Pachur, Hans-Joachim. Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the Mid-Holocene. Geophysical Research Letters. 1999-07-15, 26 (14) [2022-08-05]. Bibcode:1999GeoRL..26.2037C. doi:10.1029/1999GL900494. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-13）（英語）.
^ Zhou Jing; Wang Sumin; Yang Guishan; Xiao Haifeng. Younger Dryas Event and Cold Events in Early-Mid Holocene: Record from the sediment of Erhai Lake (PDF). Advances in Climate Change Research. 2007, 3 (Suppl.): 1673–1719 [2012-09-21]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-09-10）.
^ Parker, Adrian G.; et al. A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia (PDF). Quaternary Research. 2006, 66 (3): 465–476 [2012-09-21]. Bibcode:2006QuRes..66..465P. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.001. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-10-29）.

[Brooks2006-1] Brooks, Nick. Cultural responses to aridity in the Middle Holocene and increased social complexity. Quaternary International. Dark nature: responses of humans and ecosystems to rapid environmental changes. 2006-07-01, 151 (1) [2022-08-05]. Bibcode:2006QuInt.151...29B. ISSN 1040-6182. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.01.013. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-24）（英語）.

[Bond1997-2] Bond, Gerard; Showers, William; Cheseby, Maziet; Lotti, Rusty; Almasi, Peter; deMenocal, Peter; Priore, Paul; Cullen, Heidi; Hajdas, Irka; Bonani, Georges. A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates. Science. 1997-11-14, 278 (5341) [2022-08-05]. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1257B. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.278.5341.1257. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-06）（英語）.

[Petit-Maire-3] Petit-Maire, N.; Beufort, L.; Page, N. Holocene climate change and man in the present day Sahara desert. Nüzhet Dalfes, H.; Kukla, G.; Weiss, H. (編). Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. Berlin: Springer. 1997: 297–308. ISBN 978-3-540-61892-8.

[Cremaschi-4] Cremaschi, M. Late Quaternary geological evidence for environmental changes in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). Cremaschi, M.; Di Lernia, S. (Eds.) (編). Wadi Teshuinat: Palaeoenvironment and prehistory in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). Firenze: Ed. All' Insegna del Giglio. 1998: 13–47. ISBN 978-88-7814-144-5.

[Claussen1999-5] Claussen, Martin; Kubatzki, Claudia; Brovkin, Victor; Ganopolski, Andrey; Hoelzmann, Philipp; Pachur, Hans-Joachim. Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the Mid-Holocene. Geophysical Research Letters. 1999-07-15, 26 (14) [2022-08-05]. Bibcode:1999GeoRL..26.2037C. doi:10.1029/1999GL900494. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-13）（英語）.

[Zhou2007-6] Zhou Jing; Wang Sumin; Yang Guishan; Xiao Haifeng. Younger Dryas Event and Cold Events in Early-Mid Holocene: Record from the sediment of Erhai Lake (PDF). Advances in Climate Change Research. 2007, 3 (Suppl.): 1673–1719 [2012-09-21]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-09-10）.

[Parker2006-7] Parker, Adrian G.; et al. A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia (PDF). Quaternary Research. 2006, 66 (3): 465–476 [2012-09-21]. Bibcode:2006QuRes..66..465P. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.001. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-10-29）.

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