使用者:Short Final/Drafts

  「Fridging」重新導向至此。關於other uses，請見「Fridge (disambiguation)」。

Women in Refrigerators

網站類型	漫畫
語言	英文
持有者	蓋爾·西蒙尼
創始人	Daniel Merlin Goodbrey Rob Harris Gail Simone Beau Yarbrough John Bartol
網址	lby3.com/wir
註冊	否
推出時間	1999年3月
現狀	在線

冰箱裡的女人 [1][2](Women in Refrigerators or WiR) is a website created in 是在1999年由一群女性主義漫畫愛好者創建的網站，其中整理了女性角色負傷，被強姦，被殺害，或失去能力的超級英雄漫畫書橋段 whereby female characters are affected by injury, raped, killed, or depowered 。這種情節被統稱為fridging（「塞進電冰箱」），有時是為了激起男性英雄「保護欲」而安排，而通常是被作為一個推動男性角色故事發展的劇情工具。這一網站嘗試分析為何此類劇情工具被不成比例地用在女性角色身上。

歷史

File:WomaninRefrigerator.jpg

Panel from Green Lantern #54, the origin of the phrase

The term "Women in Refrigerators" was coined by writer 蓋爾·西蒙尼 as a name for the website in early 1999 during online discussions about comic books with friends. It refers to an incident in Green Lantern #54 (1994), written by Ron Marz, in which Kyle Rayner, the title hero, comes home to his apartment to find that his girlfriend, Alexandra DeWitt, had been killed by the villain Major Force and stuffed into a refrigerator. Simone and her colleagues then developed a list of fictional female characters who had been "killed, maimed or depowered", in particular in ways that treated the female characters as mere devices to move forward a male character's story arc, rather than as fully developed characters in their own right. The list was then circulated via the 互聯網 over Usenet, BBSs, e-mail and 郵件列表s. Simone also e-mailed many comic book creators directly for their responses to the list.

The list is infamous in certain comic book fan circles. Respondents often found different meanings to the list itself, though Simone maintained that her simple point had always been: "If you demolish most of the characters girls like, then girls won't read comics. That's it!"

Journalist Beau Yarbrough created the initial design and coding on the original site. Technology consultant John Bartol edited the content. Robert Harris, a librarian and comic-book fan, contributed to site maintenance and updates along with fan John Norris. The idea for placing the list online originated with software developer Jason Yu, who also served as the original site host.

Creator response

Simone received numerous e-mail responses from comic book fans and professionals. Some responses were neutral and others were positive. Additionally, arguments on the merits of the list were published on comic-book fan sites in early 1999.

Simone published many of the responses she received on the website. 西蒙尼收到了來自漫畫愛好者和業界人士的多封電子郵件。一些回應是中性的而另一些則是積極的。另外，在1999年初，漫畫愛好者網站上也發生了針對這一列表的功過的討論。西蒙尼在網站上發布了她收到的回應。

許多漫畫作家表示這一列表使他們停下反省自己在創作中的故事。通常這些回應包含了支持或者反對使用女性角色死亡或負傷作為劇情工具的論據。網站上有一張漫畫業界人士回應的列表。Marz的回應中寫道（節錄）：「對於我來說，真正的區別比起男性–女性之間，更多的是在主角–配角之間。在多數情況下，主人公，支撐自己刊物的『標題人物』角色，是男性。 ...配角則是那些遭受更永久性和毀滅性悲劇的。而許多的配角是女性。」

Several comic book creators indicated that the list caused them to pause and think about the stories they were creating. Often these responses contained arguments for or against the use of death or injury of female characters as a plot device. A list of some responses from comic book professionals is included at the site. Marz's reply stated (in part) "To me the real difference is less male–female than main character-supporting character. In most cases, main characters, "title" characters who support their own books, are male. ... the supporting characters are the ones who suffer the more permanent and shattering tragedies. And a lot of supporting characters are female."

男人解凍

回應聲稱男性角色同樣經常被殺害的愛好者，內容編輯John Bartol撰寫了文章"Dead Men Defrosting"，其中指出當男性英雄被殺害或受變化時，他們更通常會被還原到自己過去的原狀。根據Bartol的說法，大多數女性角色受變化之後她們「從不被允許像男性英雄們那樣獲得返回自己英雄身份的機會。而這正是區別所在。」

In response to fans who argued that male characters are also often killed, content editor John Bartol wrote "Dead Men Defrosting", an article arguing that when male heroes are killed or altered, they are more typically returned to their status quo. According to Bartol's claim, after most female characters are altered they are "never allowed, as male heroes usually are, the chance to return to their original heroic states. And that's where we begin to see the difference."

在他的書《危險曲線: 動作英雄，性別，戀物和流行文化》中討論該網站時, 鮑林格林州立大學教授傑弗里 A. 布朗指出，雖然男性漫畫英雄通常會作為英雄犧牲後又魔法地死而復生，女性角色更可能被隨意地而又無可挽回地傷害或殺死——且經常以一種高度性化的方式。為了支撐他的論點，他指出了小丑單純為了樂趣而粉碎第一代蝙蝠女孩的脊椎，導致她在此後超過十年被拘束於輪椅上。 resulting in her being written as a wheelchair user for over a decade. 他也引用了反派黑面具對Stephanie Brown的折磨和殺害。

Discussing the site in his book Dangerous Curves: Action Heroes, Gender, Fetishism and Popular Culture, Bowling Green State University professor Jeffrey A. Brown noted that while male comic book heroes have tended to die heroically and be magically brought back from the dead afterwards, female characters have been likelier to be casually but irreparably wounded or killed, often in a sexualized fashion. To support his claim, he cited the Joker shattering the original Batgirl's spine just for fun, resulting in her being written as a wheelchair user for over a decade. He also cites the torture and murder of Stephanie Brown by the villain Black Mask.

流行文化

References in mass culture

In 2000, several national newspapers ran articles that referenced the site, generating discussion on the topic of sexism in pop culture and the comic-book industry. Some universities also list the content of Women in Refrigerators as related to analysis and critique of pop culture.

Within the comics medium, during the 2009 DC storyline "Blackest Night", Alexandra DeWitt was one of many deceased characters temporarily brought back to life as part of the Black Lantern Corps. While she appeared briefly, she was seen inside a refrigerator construct at all times.

Courtney Enlow, editor at Your Tango, criticized the death of Kathy Stabler, the wife of detective Elliot Stabler, as an example of the "tired, sexist" trope.

Brian Tallerico of Vulture, when reviewing "The Whole World Is Watching", an episode of the 2021 live-action Disney+ miniseries The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, was critical of the death of Lemar Hoskins, a Black person, as an example of racial, rather than sexist, fridging, to further the story arc of John Walker, a white person.

Deadtown

In December 2018, Deadline Hollywood announced that Amazon Studios was developing a television series called Deadtown, an adaptation of the Catherynne M. Valente novel The Refrigerator Monologues. The story centers upon five recently deceased women who meet in a purgatory-like location called Deadtown, where they discover that their entire lives, including their deaths, were merely in service of providing emotional backstory for male superheroes.

著名貢獻者

Several contributors to the site and the original list later became comic book creators and entertainment industry professionals.

• Daniel Merlin Goodbrey – digital designer and underground comicbook author, creator of the hypercomic Six-Gun: Tales from an Unfolded Earth, and the iPod comic Brain Fist.
• Brian Joines – writer of the independent comic The 7 Guys of Justice and as of 2006 publishing new comics through Platinum Studios.
• Greg Dean Schmitz – creator of UpcomingMovies.com, AKA Greg's Previews, and columnist for Fandango and Rotten Tomatoes.
• Gail Simone – author of several comic books including Birds of Prey for DC Comics and Marvel's Deadpool.