人格神

人格神(英語：personal god)或人格女神(personal goddess)是可以作為一個人^[1]而不是作為一種非人格力量，例如絕對的「一切」或「存在的基礎」的神靈。

在亞伯拉罕宗教的經文中，上帝被描述為個人的創造者，以第一人稱說話並表現出憤怒和驕傲等情感，有時以擬人化的形式出現。^[2]例如，在摩西五經中，上帝與他的先知交談並指示他，並被認為具有意志、情感（如憤怒、悲傷和快樂）、意向和其他人類特徵。個人與上帝的關係可以用與人類關係相同的方式來描述，例如基督教中的聖父，或蘇菲派中的朋友。^[3]

皮尤研究中心2019年的一項調查報告稱，在美國成年人中，70%的人認為「上帝是一個人們可以與之建立關係的人」，而15%的人認為「上帝是一種非個人的力量」。^[4]國家意見研究中心2019年的一項調查報告稱，77.5%的美國成年人相信人格神。^[5]皮尤進行的2014年宗教景觀調查報告稱，77%的美國成年人相信人格神。^[6]

觀點

亞伯拉罕宗教

猶太教

基督教

伊斯蘭教

巴哈伊信仰

自然神論

參見

備註

^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's concepts of God. Plato.stanford.edu. [2018-04-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-07）.
^ Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Quran and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009
^ "The man who realizes God as a friend is never lonely in the world, neither in this world nor in the hereafter. There is always a friend, a friend in the crowd, a friend in the solitude; or while he is asleep, unconscious of this outer world, and when he is awake and conscious of it. In both cases the friend is there in his thought, in his imagination, in his heart, in his soul." Inayat Khan, quoted from The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan
^ Chapter 1: Religious Beliefs and Practices. U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Beliefs and Practices. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. II. Religious Beliefs: God. 1 June 2008 [2021-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-01）.
^ Smith, Tom W. Beliefs about God across Time and Countries (PDF). NORC at the University of Chicago. Table 3: Believing in a Personal God (2019). 18 April 2012 [2021-08-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-11-02）.
^ Most Christians Believe in a Personal God, Others Tend to See God as Impersonal Force. U.S. Public Becoming Less Religious. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 29 October 2015 [2021-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-26）.

參考資料

Norcliffe, David (1999). Islam: Faith and Practice. Sussex Academic Press.
Jain, Vijay K, Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse, 2014-03-26 [2021-08-25], ISBN 9788190363969, （原始內容存檔於2021-11-03）
Sangave, Vilas Adinath, Aspects of Jaina religion 3, Bharatiya Jnanpith, 2001 [2021-08-25], ISBN 81-263-0626-2, （原始內容存檔於2022-03-16）
Rankin, Aidan, Chapter 1. Jains Jainism and Jainness, Living Jainism: An Ethical Science, John Hunt Publishing, 2013 [2021-08-25], ISBN 978-1780999111, （原始內容存檔於2022-03-17）
Jain, Vijay K. Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha. 2013 [2021-08-25]. ISBN 9788190363952. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-14）. Non-copyright

外部連結

The Holy Spirit - A Person or Power? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Who is the Holy Spirit? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[1] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's concepts of God. Plato.stanford.edu. [2018-04-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-07）.

[ReferenceA-2] Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Quran and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009

[3] "The man who realizes God as a friend is never lonely in the world, neither in this world nor in the hereafter. There is always a friend, a friend in the crowd, a friend in the solitude; or while he is asleep, unconscious of this outer world, and when he is awake and conscious of it. In both cases the friend is there in his thought, in his imagination, in his heart, in his soul." Inayat Khan, quoted from The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan

[4] Chapter 1: Religious Beliefs and Practices. U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Beliefs and Practices. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. II. Religious Beliefs: God. 1 June 2008 [2021-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-01）.

[5] Smith, Tom W. Beliefs about God across Time and Countries (PDF). NORC at the University of Chicago. Table 3: Believing in a Personal God (2019). 18 April 2012 [2021-08-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-11-02）.

[6] Most Christians Believe in a Personal God, Others Tend to See God as Impersonal Force. U.S. Public Becoming Less Religious. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 29 October 2015 [2021-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-26）.

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