地圓說

地圓說是指主張地球形狀近似於球體的理論。關於此類概念的最早記錄可追溯至公元前5世紀左右，當時它出現在古希臘哲學家的著作中。^[1]^[2] 西元前3世紀，希臘化天文學將地球的大致球形確定為物理事實，並計算地球的周長。這種知識在古典時代晚期和中世紀逐漸被整個舊世界採用。^[3]^[4]^[5] 斐迪南·麥哲倫和胡安·塞巴斯蒂安·埃爾卡諾的環球航行實際上證明此類理論。^[6]

這類概念取代早期對平坦地球的信念：在早期美索不達米亞神話中，世界被描繪成一個漂浮在海洋中的圓盤，上面有一個半球形的天穹^[7]，這構成早期世界地圖的前提，例如阿那克西曼德和米利都的赫卡塔埃烏斯所提出的有關想法。也有其他關於地球形狀的猜測和論述。

正如艾薩克·牛頓在《自然哲學的數學原理》中所描述，許多人早在17世紀就意識到地球的形狀被更準確地描述為橢球體。 19世紀初，根據讓-巴蒂斯特·約瑟夫·德朗布爾和喬治·埃佛勒斯等人的理論，地球橢球體的扁率被認定為1/300；自1960年代以來，美國國防部世界大地測量系統確定的數值接近 1/298.25。^[8]

參看

地平說

參考來源

^ Dicks, D.R. Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 1970: 72–198. ISBN 978-0-8014-0561-7.
^ Cormack, Lesley B., Numbers, Ronald L.; Kampourakis, Kostas , 編, Newton's Apple and Other Myths about Science, Harvard University Press: 16–24, 2015, ISBN 9780674915473 |article=被忽略 (幫助)
^ Jamil, Jamil. Astronomy. Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam . 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17852-6. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22652.
^ Direct adoption by India: D. Pingree: "History of Mathematical Astronomy in India", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 15 (1978), pp. 533–633 (554f.); Glick, Thomas F., Livesey, Steven John, Wallis, Faith (eds.): "Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, New York 2005, ISBN 0-415-96930-1, p. 463
^ Adoption by China via European science: Martzloff, Jean-Claude. Space and Time in Chinese Texts of Astronomy and of Mathematical Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Chinese Science. 1993, 11 (11): 66–92 [2021-10-12]. JSTOR 43290474. doi:10.1163/26669323-01101005. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-26）. and Cullen, C. A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮南子. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1976, 39 (1): 106–127. JSTOR 616189. S2CID 171017315. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00052137.
^ Pigafetta, Antonio. Magellan's Voyage Around the World. A.H. Clark Company. 1906 （英語）.
^ Neugebauer, Otto E. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Birkhäuser. 1975: 577. ISBN 978-3-540-06995-9.
^ Thurston, Hugh. Early Astronomy. Springer Science & Business Media. 1994. ISBN 978-0-387-94107-3 （英語）.

外部連結

[Dicks-1] Dicks, D.R. Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 1970: 72–198. ISBN 978-0-8014-0561-7.

[2] Cormack, Lesley B., Numbers, Ronald L.; Kampourakis, Kostas , 編, Newton's Apple and Other Myths about Science, Harvard University Press: 16–24, 2015, ISBN 9780674915473 |article=被忽略 (幫助)

[Encyclopaedia_of_Islam:_Astronomy-3] Jamil, Jamil. Astronomy. Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam . 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17852-6. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22652.

[Pingree:_Indian_adoption-4] Direct adoption by India: D. Pingree: "History of Mathematical Astronomy in India", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 15 (1978), pp. 533–633 (554f.); Glick, Thomas F., Livesey, Steven John, Wallis, Faith (eds.): "Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, New York 2005, ISBN 0-415-96930-1, p. 463

[Martzloff,_Cullen:_Chinese_adoption-5] Adoption by China via European science: Martzloff, Jean-Claude. Space and Time in Chinese Texts of Astronomy and of Mathematical Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Chinese Science. 1993, 11 (11): 66–92 [2021-10-12]. JSTOR 43290474. doi:10.1163/26669323-01101005. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-26）. and Cullen, C. A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮南子. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1976, 39 (1): 106–127. JSTOR 616189. S2CID 171017315. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00052137.

[6] Pigafetta, Antonio. Magellan's Voyage Around the World. A.H. Clark Company. 1906 （英語）.

[Neugebauer-7] Neugebauer, Otto E. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Birkhäuser. 1975: 577. ISBN 978-3-540-06995-9.

[8] Thurston, Hugh. Early Astronomy. Springer Science & Business Media. 1994. ISBN 978-0-387-94107-3 （英語）.

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