核選項
在美國參議院，核選項（英語：Nuclear option）是一種議事程序，允許參議院以簡單多數推翻日常規則，而不是參議院規則通常需要的三分之二的絕對多數。特別是在60票規則中，該程序被用來結束辯論並結束阻撓議事。
2013年11月，哈里·里德領導的參議院民主黨多數通過該程序取消了除最高法院提名外的總統提名60票規則，首次援引了核選項。[1]2017年4月，再次援引了核選項，這一次，由米奇·麥康奈爾領導的參議院共和黨多數也取消了最高法院提名的60票規則，從而結束了關於尼爾·戈薩奇提名的辯論。[2][3][4]
截至2021年7月，核選項尚未被用於廢除立法上的阻撓議事程序。[5]廢除阻撓議事程序需要至少51名參議員的投票，或者50名參議員的投票加上副總統（作為參議院主席）的一票。「核選項」一詞類似於核武器，是最極端的選擇。
參考資料
編輯- ^ Nuclear option: Why Trump's Supreme Court pick needs only 51 votes. cbsnews. 2018-07-09 [2018-12-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-09）.
- ^ McConnell went 'nuclear' to confirm Gorsuch. But Democrats changed Senate filibuster rules first.. nbcnews. [2018-12-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-12）.
- ^ Republicans go 'nuclear,' bust through Democratic filibuster on Gorsuch. 2017-04-06 [2018-12-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-04）.
- ^ Senate approves 'nuclear option,' clears path for Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination vote. 2017-04-06 [2018-12-27]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-04）.
- ^ Reynolds, Molly E. What is the Senate filibuster, and what would it take to eliminate it?. Brookings Institution. 2020-09-09 [2020-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-06）.
外部連結
編輯- Supportive of nuclear option
- M. Gold & D. Gupta, The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures: a Majoritarian Means to Overcome the Filibuster in the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy; 28 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 205 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (2004) (arguing that the nuclear/constitutional option it is firmly grounded in Senate history) (PDF file)
- William G. Dauster, 「The Senate in Transition or How I Learned To Stop Worrying and Love the Nuclear Option,」 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） N.Y.U. Journal of Legislation & Public Policy, volume 19 (number 4) (December 2016): pages 631–83 (explaining Senator Reid's use of the nuclear option).
- Policy Analysis by Senate Republican Policy Committee summarizing arguments and reviewing history
- National Review's Bench Memos （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Senator George Allen (R-VA) Calls Democrats Bluff （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Opposed to nuclear option
- Center for American Progress: Nuclear Option Resource Guide （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- CivilRights.org: a coalition representing 180 national organizations
- Home Page for Senate Democratic Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev)
- Independent Judiciary （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Senator Reid's Letter to Bill Frist
- Washington Post article on Republican's 1968 Fortas filibuster （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Hatching a New Filibuster Precedent: The Senator from Utah's Revisionist history （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） John Dean writes for FindLaw arguing that Orrin Hatch has attempted to mischaracterize the Abe Fortas nomination filibuster.
- Revenge of the Frist
- MoveOn.org Emergency Petition to Save the Courts
- Myth and fact sheets
- Other
- David Law & Lawrence B. Solum, "Judicial Selection, Appointments Gridlock, and the Nuclear Option," (April 14, 2006).
- History of U.S. House Committee on Rules （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- History of U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration
- [[[:Template:US Senate Rule URL]] Standing Rules of The Senate]
- TIME: The Filibuster Formula
- Politics and justice for all: Court nomination fights predate Bork, Thomas