棘胸蛙
棘胸蛙（學名：Quasipaa spinosa），又名石蛤、石雞、山雞、石凍、飛魚、石鱗、石蛙、石蛤蟆、石蝦蟆、石坑蛙等，是兩棲綱無尾目叉舌蛙科的一種動物。其肉可食用[2]。本物種的中文名稱及學名均源於其雄蛙胸前的大型胸棘[3][4]。其體型在蛙類來說算是大型，因為已知可長至超過10 cm（4英寸），使牠們贏得香港體型最大蛙類的美譽[3][5]。
棘胸蛙
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| 棘胸蛙，攝於香港大帽山 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 兩棲綱 Amphibia |
| 目： | 無尾目 Anura |
| 科： | 叉舌蛙科 Dicroglossidae |
| 屬： | 棘胸蛙屬 Quasipaa |
| 種： | 棘胸蛙 Q. spinosa
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| 二名法 | |
| Quasipaa spinosa (David, 1875)
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| 異名 | |
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分類學
編輯近年的分子種系發生學分析認為本物種事實上由三條不同的譜系組成。因此，名義上的Quasipaa spinosa可能代表一個隱藏物種複合體。譜系在地理上是不同的；在雲南省找到一個譜系, 中國東南部（安徽省、 浙江省、福建省北部和江西省)還有一個譜系, 第三個譜系位於中國中南部（南部福建省、江西省、湖南省、廣東省和廣西壯族自治區）。在該分析中，小棘蛙位於Quasipaa spinosa內。[6]。它的複合種是越南的Quasipaa acanthophora[7]。
The complete 線粒體DNA (18,012 base pairs in length) of Quasipaa spinosa has been sequenced, helping to shed light into the 系統發生樹 of Quasipaa and related frogs.[8]
分佈、棲息地及習性
編輯本物種棲息於中華人民共和國長江以南（包括香港）地域的山溪水坑內或石洞岩隙中。由於水體相通，估計亦同時分佈於越南、老撾及緬甸三國的淡水水域，但缺乏相關文獻報告的支持。
習性晝伏夜出，主要食物為昆蟲及其幼體。每年11月-翌年4月冬眠。
No certain records exist from Vietnam, earlier records may refer to Quasipaa acanthophora described in 2009 as a new species from that country.[2] It may also have been mixed with 多疣棘蛙 and 雙團棘胸蛙.[1]
Quasipaa spinosa is associated with rocky streams in evergreen forests and open countryside on hills and mountains. Its altitude range is about 200—1,500米（660—4,920英尺） above sea level.[1]
形態特徵及生命週期
編輯成年個體體長8-20cm，體重200-350g。背面黑灰色、淺棕色或黃褐色。背面、側面和四肢皮膚上生有肉疣，有的時候疣上生黑色角質刺。
The most distinctive characteristic of Quasipaa spinosa are the keratinized skin spines in the chest of males.[4][9] It is dark brown in colour, interspersed with dense, yellowish mottling.[3]
Quasipaa spinosa are moderately large frogs: males grow to a snout–vent length of about 80 mm（3.1英寸） and females to 82 mm（3.2英寸）[10] or more, up to 128 mm（5.0英寸） in snout–vent length.[3][11] It is the largest frog in 香港.[3][5] Later studies has shown that usually males are larger than females, but with considerable overlap between sexes. Body size is positively correlated with maximum temperature and rainfall. Mean body weight among males may reach at least 133 g（4.7 oz）.[4]
Quasipaa spinosa breeds in streams, laying the eggs in water under stones.[1] Reproduction takes place in April–October. Male frogs call near slow-flowing sections of streams or around pools adjacent to streams. The advertisement call consists of three to seven notes, the last being the longest. Pairs in amplexus are found within the chorus area.[12]
Population demography of Quasipaa spinosa has been studied for two populations in the 大帽山 in Hong Kong. These populations exhibit high site fidelity. Populations have low densities (13–42 frogs per 100 m of stream) and female-biased sex ratio. Each female produced an average 1.26 juveniles that survived until the age of 2 years. Annual survival was low, 38–65%.[13]
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用途
編輯因為肉味鮮美，生長速度快而且個大，是主要的食用蛙類之一。 Quasipaa spinosa is an important food and medicinal resource in China and considered as a delicacy.[13] Populations are heavily harvested, and overcollection is implicated in population declines.[13] In 江西省 province alone, the value of production of Quasipaa spinosa for domestic consumption is of the same magnitude as global trade of frog meat. Quasipaa spinosa are also farmed, but farming operations are likely based on tadpoles or juveniles sourced from wild population, instead of captive breeding. Thus, farming may not reduce the pressure on wild populations.[13]
保育
編輯過往本物種的數量曾經有大量，但由於遭到大量捕殺，目前已被國際自然保護聯盟列為易危物種，因為在最近期的三代，其數量已下跌了超過三成。捕殺主要還是被捕獲與人類食用；其次是因為農業及水壩的興建導致的棲息地破壞[1]。當物種的數量變得愈來愈少，即使是中等數量的下跌亦已足以令物種的滅絕風險提過[13]。在中國，棘胸蛙是江西省和安徽省的重點保護野生動物之一。另外自20世紀80年代起，棘胸蛙也被廣泛養殖用作食品，以避免野外再有人去捕捉棘胸蛙作食用[14]。
棘胸蛙在中國已被列為國家二級保護野生動物。
寄生蟲
編輯.png)
棘胸蛙體內的寄生蟲均為纖毛蟲，計有多粒韋氏腸腎蟲（Sicuophora multigranularis[15]，舊作Wichtermania multigranularis Xiao et al., 2002[16]）。Wichtherman 根據 Cheng 在福建採集的棘腹蛙體內的標本, 發現棘蛙韋氏腸腎蟲（Wichtermania (Nyctotherus) cheni）[16]。
參考文獻
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Michael Wai Neng Lau, Geng Baorong, Gu Huiqing, Peter Paul van Dijk, Raoul Bain. Quasipaa spinosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004, 2004: e.T58439A11781309 [16 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58439A11781309.en
.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Frost, Darrel R. Quasipaa spinosa (David, 1875). Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. 2017 [17 November 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-10）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Tony, Hung Tun Hei. Giant Spiny Frog. Programmes of Ecology & Biodiversity, Hong Kong University. 2006–2011 [18 December 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-04）.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Yu, B. G.; Zheng, R. Q.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, C. T. Geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in the giant spiny frog Paa spinosa (David, 1875) (Anura: Ranoidae). Journal of Natural History. 2010, 44 (27–28): 1729. S2CID 85168977. doi:10.1080/00222931003632682.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. Amphibians of Hong Kong. HK SPecies. The Government of Hong Kong SAR. 2006 [18 December 2013]. （原始內容存檔於19 December 2013）.
- ^ Ye, S.; Huang, H.; Zheng, R.; Zhang, J.; Yang, G.; Xu, S. Phylogeographic analyses strongly suggest cryptic speciation in the giant spiny frog (Dicroglossidae: Paa spinosa) and interspecies hybridization in Paa. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (7): e70403. PMC 3729840 . PMID 23936199. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070403 .
- ^ Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. A new species of the genus Quasipaa (Anura, Ranidae, Dicroglossinae) from northern Vietnam. Alytes. 2009, 27: 49–61 （英語）.
- ^ Zhou, Y.; Zhang, J. Y.; Zheng, R. Q.; Yu, B. G.; Yang, G. Complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of Paa spinosa (Anura: Ranoidae). Gene. 2009, 447 (2): 86–96. PMID 19631263. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.07.009.
- ^ Zheng, R. Q.; Ye, R.; Yu, Y.; Yang, G. Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite markers for the giant spiny frog, Paa spinosa. Molecular Ecology Resources. 2009, 9 (1): 336–338. PMID 21564643. S2CID 42738290. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02420.x.
- ^ Fei, L. Atlas of Amphibians of China. Zhengzhou: Henan Press of Science and Technology. 1999: 208–210. ISBN 7-5349-1835-9 （中文）.
- ^ Zheng, R. Q.; Liu, C. T. Giant spiny-frog (Paa spinosa) from different populations differ in thermal preference but not in thermal tolerance. Aquatic Ecology. 2010, 44 (4): 723. S2CID 20220630. doi:10.1007/s10452-009-9310-3.
- ^ Yu, Baogen; Zheng, Rongquan. The advertisement call of the giant spiny frog Paa spinosa. Current Zoology. 2009, 55 (6): 411–415. doi:10.1093/czoolo/55.6.411 . （原始內容存檔於19 December 2013）.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Chan, H. K.; Shoemaker, K. T.; Karraker, N. E. Demography of Quasipaa frogs in China reveals high vulnerability to widespread harvest pressure. Biological Conservation. 2014, 170: 3–9. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.014.
- ^ 中国棘胸蛙日渐濒危 福建德化实现规模化生态养殖. 中國新聞網. 2014-04-10 [2024-06-01]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-01）.
- ^ Li, Can; Zhao, Weishan; Zhang, Dong; Wang, Runqiu; Wang, Guitang; Zou, Hong; Li, Wenxiang; Wu, Shangong; Li, Ming. Sicuophora (Syn. Wichtermania) multigranularis from Quasipaa spinosa (Anura): morphological and molecular study, with emphasis on validity of Sicuophora (Armophorea, Clevelandellida). Parasite. 2018, 25: 38. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 6063722 . PMID 30052499. doi:10.1051/parasite/2018035.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 汪建國; 李連祥; 肖武漢. 中国无尾两栖类寄生肠肾虫的考种、依据及其讨论 (PDF). 《水生生物學報》. 2002, 26 (5) （中文（簡體））.[失效連結]
