睡眠學習

睡眠學習是一種試圖在睡眠中學習知識的技巧。比如睡覺時放錄音就是一種典型的方法。但實際上其有效性並未得到科學驗證，一些早期的研究甚至認為這種方法根本就是無稽之談^[1]^[2]，但後來有研究發現人腦確實會對睡覺時外部的刺激產生反應^[3]^[4]。

歷史

1927年，美國人阿洛伊斯·本傑明·薩里格（Alois Benjamin Saliger）發明了一種叫做「精神電話」（Psycho-Phone）的睡眠學習法，宣稱人的大腦在睡眠時最易接受指令^[5]。

1956年查理·西蒙（Charles W. Simon）和威廉·埃蒙斯（William H. Emmons）的腦電圖研究發現：如果沒有α波出現，那麼睡覺時給予的刺激材料就不可能在醒來後被回憶起來。但是一旦α波出現，那麼睡眠者就應該要清醒了。所以睡眠學習根本不現實^[6]^[7]。2012年，魏茨曼科學研究所的研究者表示：「睡眠時人類可以強化之前學到的知識」，而且會對外部刺激（如氣味）作出反應，「但能否獲取新的知識仍是一個未解之謎」^[8]^[9]。

參考文獻

^ Ackerman, Jennifer. Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream. Houghton Mifflin Books. 2007. ISBN 0-618-18758-8. p. 171 "But most scientist agree that learning during sleep--that is actively acquiring new knowledge--is probably impossible. Certainly, attempts to teach slumbering adult subjects vocabulary or foreign languages or lists of items has failed miserably."
^ Turkington, Carol. 12 Steps to a Better Memory. Simon and Schuste. 2003. ISBN 0-7434-7575-5. p. 9 "While it is popularly believed that a person can learn and remember while sleeping, in fact research has shown that learning does not take place while you are sound asleep...However, there is some evidence suggesting that you can learn while you are very drowsy, or even in a very light sleep. The material must be presented at just the right time; if you are not sleepy enough, the material will wake you up, and if you're deeply asleep, the materials won't make an impression at all. In addition, complex material involving reasoning or understanding can't be learned while in a drowsy state."
^ Stromberg, Joseph. Experiments Show We Really Can Learn While We Sleep. smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian magazine. June 26, 2012 [November 18, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-24）.
^ Learning while you sleep may be possible. The Telegraph. 2014 [2014-12-13]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-18）. Once the participants were asleep, the testing continued but with an entirely new list of words to ensure that responses would require the extraction of word meaning rather than a simpler pairing between stimulus and response. Brain activity showed that the participants continued to respond accurately, although more slowly, even as they lay completely motionless and unaware.
^ Psycho-Phone. The New Yorker. 1933 [2010-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-16）. Well, sir, since 1927, Mr. Saliger has sold more than 2500 Psycho-phones ...
^ Fromm, Erika; Ronald E. Shor. Hypnosis. Aldine/Atherton. 1972 [2017-09-06]. ISBN 978-0-202-30856-2. 020230856. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-13）. p. 78 Referring to Charles W. Simon and William H. Emmons EEG, Consciousness, and Sleep （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Science, 1956, 124, 1066-1069.
^ Kleitman, Nathaniel. Sleep and Wakefulness. University of Chicago Press. 1987 [2017-09-06]. ISBN 0-226-44073-7. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-18）. Page 125
^ Arzi, A.; Shedlesky, L.; Ben-Shaul, M.; Nasser, K.; Oksenberg, A.; Hairston, I. S.; Sobel, N. Humans can learn new information during sleep. Nature Neuroscience. 2012, 15 (10): 1460–1465. PMID 22922782. doi:10.1038/nn.3193.
^ Amanda L. Chan. Sleep Learning May Be Possible: Study. Huffington Post. 2012-08-29 [2012-09-03]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-23）.

擴展閱讀

Emmons William H., Simon Charles W. The Non-Recall of Material Presented During Sleep. American Journal of Psychology. 1956 Mar;69(1):76-81.
Fox, B.H.; Robbin, J.S. The Retention of Material Presented During Sleep (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1952, 43: 75–79. doi:10.1037/h0057555. ^{[永久失效連結]}
Fox, B.H. (1968). Current research in Hypnopaedia^{[永久失效連結]}. Macdonald & Co. [PDF]
Leshan, L. The Breaking of a Habit by Suggestion During Sleep (PDF). Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology. 1942, 37 (3): 406–408. doi:10.1037/h0057703. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[sex-1] Ackerman, Jennifer. Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream. Houghton Mifflin Books. 2007. ISBN 0-618-18758-8. p. 171 "But most scientist agree that learning during sleep--that is actively acquiring new knowledge--is probably impossible. Certainly, attempts to teach slumbering adult subjects vocabulary or foreign languages or lists of items has failed miserably."

[0-2] Turkington, Carol. 12 Steps to a Better Memory. Simon and Schuste. 2003. ISBN 0-7434-7575-5. p. 9 "While it is popularly believed that a person can learn and remember while sleeping, in fact research has shown that learning does not take place while you are sound asleep...However, there is some evidence suggesting that you can learn while you are very drowsy, or even in a very light sleep. The material must be presented at just the right time; if you are not sleepy enough, the material will wake you up, and if you're deeply asleep, the materials won't make an impression at all. In addition, complex material involving reasoning or understanding can't be learned while in a drowsy state."

[3] Stromberg, Joseph. Experiments Show We Really Can Learn While We Sleep. smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian magazine. June 26, 2012 [November 18, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-24）.

[4] Learning while you sleep may be possible. The Telegraph. 2014 [2014-12-13]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-18）. Once the participants were asleep, the testing continued but with an entirely new list of words to ensure that responses would require the extraction of word meaning rather than a simpler pairing between stimulus and response. Brain activity showed that the participants continued to respond accurately, although more slowly, even as they lay completely motionless and unaware.

[5] Psycho-Phone. The New Yorker. 1933 [2010-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-16）. Well, sir, since 1927, Mr. Saliger has sold more than 2500 Psycho-phones ...

[hyp-6] Fromm, Erika; Ronald E. Shor. Hypnosis. Aldine/Atherton. 1972 [2017-09-06]. ISBN 978-0-202-30856-2. 020230856. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-13）. p. 78 Referring to Charles W. Simon and William H. Emmons EEG, Consciousness, and Sleep （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Science, 1956, 124, 1066-1069.

[wake-7] Kleitman, Nathaniel. Sleep and Wakefulness. University of Chicago Press. 1987 [2017-09-06]. ISBN 0-226-44073-7. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-18）. Page 125

[8] Arzi, A.; Shedlesky, L.; Ben-Shaul, M.; Nasser, K.; Oksenberg, A.; Hairston, I. S.; Sobel, N. Humans can learn new information during sleep. Nature Neuroscience. 2012, 15 (10): 1460–1465. PMID 22922782. doi:10.1038/nn.3193.

[9] Amanda L. Chan. Sleep Learning May Be Possible: Study. Huffington Post. 2012-08-29 [2012-09-03]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-23）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]