親密暴力
親密伴侶暴力(英語:Intimate partner violence ,IPV)是現任或前任配偶或伴侶針對另一位配偶或伴侶的親密關係中的家庭暴力。[1][2]親密暴力可以採取多種形式,包括身體、言語、精神、經濟和性虐待。世界衛生組織(WHO)將親密暴力定義為:「……親密關係中的任何行為,包括身體攻擊、性脅迫、精神虐待和控制行為,會對關係中的人造成身體、心理或性傷害。」[3]
這種暴力的最極端形式可以稱為毆打、親密恐怖主義、脅迫控制暴力或簡單的脅迫控制,其中一個人是施暴者和控制者。這通常是男性對女性實施的,並且是最有可能需要醫療服務和使用女性庇護所的類型。[4][5][6]之後,抵抗親密暴力,這是一種自衛形式,可稱為抵抗暴力,通常由女性進行。[7][8]關於針對男性的家庭暴力的研究表明,男性不太可能報告其女性親密伴侶所犯下的家庭暴力。[9][10]
最常見但傷害性較小的親密暴力形式是伴侶情境暴力,[5][6][7]這種情境暴力幾乎平等地由伴侶雙方進行,並且更可能發生在年輕伴侶中,以及青少年和大學生。[7][11]最後一種形式的暴力,即關係中的兩個伴侶都參與控制和暴力行為,被稱為相互控制暴力。
參考文獻
編輯- ^ Connie Mitchell. Intimate Partner Violence: A Health-Based Perspective. Oxford University Press. 2009: 319–320 [September 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-0199720729.
- ^ Mandi M. Larsen. Health Inequities Related to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: The Role of Social Policy in the United States, Germany, and Norway. Springer. 2016: 110–111 [September 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-3319295657.
- ^ Krug, Etienne G.; Dahlberg, Linda L.; Mercy, James A.; Zwi, Anthony B.; Lozano, Rafael. World report on violence and health . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2002. ISBN 9789240681804.
- ^ Pamela Regan. Close Relationships. Routledge. 2011: 456–460 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1136851605.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Robert E. Emery. Cultural Sociology of Divorce: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. 2013: 397 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1452274430.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Anglin, Dierdre; Homeier, Diana C. Intimate Partner Violence. Marx, John; Walls, Ron; Hockberger, Robert (編). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, Volume 1 8th. Elsevier Saunders. 2014: 875 [2018-08-19]. ISBN 978-1-4557-0605-1. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-30).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Howe, Tasha R. Families in crisis: violence, abuse, and neglect: intimate partner violence: marital rape. Howe, Tasha R. (編). Marriages and families in the 21st century a bioecological approach. Chichester, West Sussex Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons. 2012. ISBN 9781405195010. Preview. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Desmond Ellis, Noreen Stuckless, Carrie Smith. Marital Separation and Lethal Domestic Violence. Routledge. 2015: 22 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1317522133.
- ^ Dutton, Donald G.; Nicholls, Tonia L. The gender paradigm in domestic violence research and theory: Part 1—The conflict of theory and data. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2005-09-01, 10 (6): 680–714. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2005.02.001.
- ^ Watson, Dorothy; Parsons, Sara. Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report on the National Study of Domestic Abuse (PDF). Dublin: National Crime Council of Ireland. 2005: 169 [June 28, 2014]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-12-29).
- ^ Erica Bowen, Kate Walker. The Psychology of Violence in Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Springer. 2015: 107–108 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1137321404.