討論:Y染色體

Y染色體基因地圖

序号     bp开始     bp结束      符号
*..1.....132989.....160020..PLCXD1
*..2.....161426.....170887..GTPBP6
*..3.....168410.....168893..LOC645997
*..4.....214970.....267627..PPP2R3B
*..5.....505079.....540146..SHOX
*..6.....890456.....890836..LOC442442
*..7....1274894....1291527..CRLF2
*..8....1347701....1388827..CSF2RA
*..9....1415509....1461582..IL3RA
*.10....1465045....1470994..SLC25A6
*.11....1480936....1494314..CXYorf2
*.12....1482137....1531733..ASMTL
*.13....1541465....1616000..P2RY8
*.14....1670486....1681413..DXYS155E
*.15....1674348....1721974..ASMT
*.16....1687070....1689047..LOC646128
*.17....2147547....2428975..DHRSX
*.18....2414455....2429008..ZBED1
*.19....2537312....2566758..LOC646154
*.20....2546623....2566758..LOC646162
*.21....2619228....2669350..CD99
*.22....2680144....2703031..LOC646182
*.23....2714896....2715792..SRY
*.24....2717868....2718438..AYP1p1
*.25....2769623....2794997..RPS4Y1
*.26....2811137....2811693..LOC442479
*.27....2863546....2909891..ZFY
*.28....3166225....3166770..LOC646223
*.29....3221849....3222840..LOC646231
*.30....3477853....3478625..LOC360018
*.31....3507126....3508082..TGIF2LY
*.32....3610641....3612883..USP12P3
*.33....3792657....3794758..LOC359798
*.34....4729051....4730970..LOC359996
*.35....4928267....5670265..PCDH11Y
*.36....5134408....5136177..LOC359800
*.37....5265646....5267021..LOC359792
*.38....5501137....5502529..KRT18P10
*.39....5679332....5679472..LOC646283
*.40....5721289....5744414..LOC441533
*.41....5815551....5816781..LOC359794
*.42....6086838....6087873..LOC360014
*.43....6166628....6173312..LOC442480
*.44....6174264....6177053..TSPY2
*.45....6190045....6192364..LOC646303
*.46....6193247....6194003..LOC392583
*.47....6194588....6197320..TSPYP1
*.48....6232607....6232992..LOC392586
*.49....6256229....6271624..RBMY2GP
*.50....6377509....6385947..TTTY7
*.51....6399073....6401665..LOC646375
*.52....6793959....6802068..AMELY
*.53....6829174....6829508..LOC359997
*.54....6838727....7019724..TBL1Y
*.55....6839209....6839921..LOC646395
*.56....6878466....6878656..LOC360029
*.57....7028439....7034546..GPR143P
*.58....7127950....7128631..LOC646416
*.59....7202014....7309589..PRKY
*.60....7599509....7606019..RBMY2HP
*.61....7614843....7617634..TSPYP2
*.62....7618564....7618911..LOC646439
*.63....7627398....7629288..TTTY16
*.64....7641026....7704746..LOC360015
*.65....7732965....7738724..TTTY12
*.66....7762583....7763050..LOC646445
*.67....8055164....8072670..RBMY2JP
*.68....8105867....8107208..FAM8A7P
*.69....8131106....8131729..LOC646460
*.70....8192217....8207187..RBMY2KP
*.71....8445258....8461421..LOC646481
*.72....8611411....8611919..TTTY18
*.73....8632513....8633324..TTTY19
*.74....8711354....8745423..TTTY11
*.75....8832258....8844384..RBMY2MP
*.76....8854917....8866575..LOC140103
*.77....8962151....8968029..OFDYP3
*.78....9062832....9065636..CDY3P
*.79....9087248....9102222..LOC387359
*.80....9214670....9220483..RBMY1A3P
*.81....9227489....9232441..TTTY20
*.82....9235079....9237887..LOC653272
*.83....9250859....9253055..LOC642358
*.84....9255412....9258202..LOC653280
*.85....9271135....9273335..LOC642391
*.86....9275691....9278480..LOC653288
*.87....9291475....9293681..LOC642431
*.88....9296036....9298826..LOC653293
*.89....9906352....9911954..CYorf16
*.90....9914564....9917357..TSPY1
*.91....9930333....9932527..LOC642499
*.92....9934882....9937690..LOC653168
*.93....9950620....9952813..LOC642547
*.94....9955165....9957972..LOC653174
*.95....9970945....9973141..LOC642586
*.96....9975495....9978285..LOC653178
*.97....9995410...10004615..LOC642631
*.98...10058330...10062762..RBMY3AP
*.99...10138709...10141308..TTTY8
*100...10154439...10162865..LOC642695
*101...10165262...10168905..TTTY21
*102...10188193...10206085..TTTY2
*103...10200765...10221898..TTTY1
*104...10248762...10260854..TTTY22
*105...10278764...10283386..RBMY2NP
*106...10317273...10317781..LOC642796
*107...10353062...10355794..TSPYP3
*108...10358407...10359571..TTTY23
*109...10399155...10407451..RBMY2OP
*110...10422169...10422444..LOC642833
*111...10469825...10482899..RBMY2QP
*112...10514003...10516805..TSPYP5
*113...10603792...10604053..MRP63P10
*114...10644865...10646712..LOC359724
*115...11657566...11675221..LOC642953
*116...11700948...11830697..LOC653050
*117...11861367...11880320..LOC642974
*118...11930597...11930929..LOC643001
*119...11948007...11949275..LOC643034
*120...12011847...12013172..LOC643050
*121...12014764...12034529..LOC643055
*122...12041071...12084645..LOC643062
*123...12089190...12091907..LOC439957
*124...12411630...12412959..LOC643077
*125...12553014...12554542..ASSP6
*126...12587914...12619284..ADLICANP
*127...12875451...12882830..RPS24P1
*128...12883033...12895923..LOC643123
*129...12952316...12953992..FAM8A8P
*130...12962992...12978253..ARSEP
*131...12984769...13009211..ARSDP
*132...13028602...13043512..GYG2P
*133...13163003...13165165..APXLP
*134...13240312...13255727..LOC359791
*135...13283692...13313547..TTTY15
*136...13322554...13482162..USP9Y
*137...13422577...13425306..CDY4P
*138...13526171...13541784..DDX3Y
*139...13551159...13569486..CASKP
*140...13716183...13719029..SFPQP
*141...13732910...13796579..LOC643199
*142...13869657...14101944..UTY
*143...13907850...13908828..PSMA6P
*144...14324841...14327298..TMSB4Y
*145...14339339...14340111..LOC360022
*146...14371009...14373971..LOC643222
*147...14490157...14490340..KALP
*148...14607046...14607782..VCY1B
*149...14677492...14678234..VCY
*150...15145848...15464921..NLGN4Y
*151...15260347...15262587..LOC359793
*152...15529106...15529354..LOC643298
*153...15561963...15563023..CYCSP46
*154...15969943...16077360..HDHD1BP
*155...16172603...16173377..STSP
*156...17260877...17261257..LOC643409
*157...17805760...17815097..LOC643470
*158...18137870...18140705..LOC140004
*159...18196435...18200726..LOC401629
*160...18249687...18251066..TAF9P1
*161...18342471...18344469..CDY5P
*162...18351073...18365814..LOC442863
*163...18377471...18379572..ACTGP2
*164...18390254...18391834..XKRY
*165...18417459...18422092..SEDLP3
*166...18430473...18444108..OFDYP1
*167...18499534...18501493..CDY2B
*168...18503272...18505408..CDY6P
*169...18533870...18543004..LOC387360
*170...18572542...18574838..CDY7P
*171...18605523...18614661..LOC387361
*172...18643147...18645283..CDY8P
*173...18647061...18649020..CDY2A
*174...18701890...18718085..OFDYP2
*175...18726466...18731099..LOC414751
*176...18756623...18758403..XKRY2
*177...18769084...18770992..LOC414754
*178...18782638...18798325..LOC442864
*179...18804091...18806089..CDY9P
*180...18897554...18898769..TAF9P2
*181...18947807...18952104..LOC401630
*182...19007855...19010690..LOC349448
*183...19074324...19090533..OFDYP4
*184...19129086...19130882..XKRYP1
*185...19162168...19165506..USP9YP1
*186...19167962...19210237..HSFY1
*187...19202480...19211795..TTTY9B
*188...19203237...19250453..OFDYP5
*189...19275330...19277451..LOC392597
*190...19295001...19359714..OFDYP6
*191...19351156...19360471..TTTY9A
*192...19352714...19395009..HSFY2
*193...19397449...19400787..USP9YP2
*194...19432072...19433868..XKRYP2
*195...19469436...19488655..OFDYP7
*196...19493775...19499502..CYorf14
*197...19611914...19614093..CD24
*198...19694248...19698690..TTTY14
*199...19948772...19950038..LOC140028
*200...20076705...20124427..BCORL2
*201...20102304...20106136..LOC360000
*202...20188624...20211564..CYorf15A
*203...20213724...20225769..CYorf15B
*204...20326689...20366212..SMCY
*205...21036942...21090502..TTTY10
*206...21140964...21141838..SMCYP
*207...21146999...21164428..EIF1AY
*208...21181387...21183335..FAM8A9P
*209...21217129...21236432..LOC643956
*210...21298528...21314174..TBL1YP
*211...21328049...21352306..RPS4Y2P
*212...21380050...21384785..LOC643987
*213...21432653...21433815..LOC340623
*214...21473115...21478883..LOC360028
*215...21609569...21615992..LOC644005
*216...21792624...21793055..LOC359795
*217...21882435...21890709..RBMY2SP
*218...21966422...21972836..RBMY2EP
*219...22001598...22008621..RBMY2TP
*220...22039403...22042213..TSPYP4
*221...22064693...22073611..RBMY1H
*222...22082646...22097060..RBMY1B
*223...22106178...22120600..RBMY1A1
*224...22154874...22165940..TTTY13
*225...22207875...22210742..CDY10P
*226...22233100...22245385..LOC387364
*227...22267419...22270447..CDY11P
*228...22366922...22373747..OFDYP16
*229...22435611...22450021..RBMY1D
*230...22459153...22473562..RBMY1E
*231...22482650...22494774..RBMY2AP
*232...22527746...22561219..OFDYP8
*233...22620132...22621340..CDY12P
*234...22627291...22651542..PRY2
*235...22700522...22702369..TTTY6B
*236...22724077...22738477..RBMY1F
*237...22753857...22757412..RBMY2UP
*238...22852333...22854411..TTTY5
*239...22937101...22943631..RBMY2VP
*240...22959011...22973416..RBMY1J
*241...22995128...22996994..TTTY6
*242...23045932...23070172..PRY
*243...23076123...23077331..CDY13P
*244...23136242...23169718..OFDYP9
*245...23202691...23210753..RBMY2BP
*246...23281543...23284789..LOC386728
*247...23317859...23325425..RBMY2WP
*248...23407119...23408250..TTTY17
*249...23491990...23528819..TTTY4
*250...23539798...23561000..BPY2
*251...23605570...23606703..ZNF381P
*252...23684896...23754545..DAZ1
*253...23775010...23846885..DAZ2
*254...23934917...23948332..LOC360020
*255...24092437...24104566..RBMY2CP
*256...24137130...24170433..OFDYP10
*257...24229813...24231020..CDY14P
*258...24236875...24250216..LOC442865
*259...24271222...24273020..XKRYP3
*260...24310405...24321220..LOC414753
*261...24326358...24353785..OFDYP11
*262...24409806...24413047..CDY15P
*263...24417005...24418335..CDY16P
*264...24472231...24474029..XKRYP4
*265...24492262...24497157..TTTY3B
*266...24518566...24526332..LOC414752
*267...24538835...24550716..OFDYP12
*268...24600764...24603549..CDY1B
*269...24605312...24607448..CDY17P
*270...24659321...24662768..CDY18P
*271...24730081...24732997..LOC360024
*272...24738969...24742766..CSPG4LYP2
*273...24760999...24761604..LOC359998
*274...24765502...24770366..GOLGA2LY1
*275...24804013...24805395..LOC360025
*276...24832861...24836353..LOC360016
*277...24917471...24918013..LOC286570
*278...24951612...24959168..RBMY2XP
*279...25040867...25041998..TTTY17B
*280...25125737...25162560..TTTY4B
*281...25173539...25194742..BPY2B
*282...25235272...25240390..LOC392603
*283...25318610...25368908..DAZ3
*284...25389452...25462571..DAZ4
*285...25540738...25545902..LOC442486
*286...25586436...25607639..BPY2C
*287...25618618...25655427..TTTY4C
*288...25739178...25740308..TTTY17C
*289...25822015...25829580..RBMY2YP
*290...25863195...25863737..LOC286568
*291...25944864...25948357..LOC360017
*292...25975818...25977200..LOC360026
*293...26010846...26015710..GOLGA2LY2
*294...26019604...26020209..LOC359999
*295...26038443...26042240..CSPG4LYP1
*296...26048209...26051134..LOC360027
*297...26118442...26121889..CDY19P
*298...26173753...26175889..CDY20P
*299...26177652...26180437..CDY1
*300...26230530...26252961..OFDYP13
*301...26254864...26262630..SEDLP5
*302...26284025...26288923..TTTY3
*303...26307152...26308950..XKRYP5
*304...26362839...26364169..CDY21P
*305...26368127...26371368..CDY22P
*306...26427366...26443516..OFDYP14
*307...26459932...26470747..SEDLP4
*308...26508125...26509922..XKRYP6
*309...26530930...26544271..LOC442866
*310...26550126...26551333..CDY23P
*311...26625200...26644130..OFDYP15
*312...26677120...26689249..RBMY2DP
*313...26833358...26904213..PPP1R12BP
*314...26956489...26956765..CYCSP48
*315...27104950...27105882..LOC360009
*316...27150218...27190190..PARP4P
*317...57410778...57411705..LOC352905
*318...57509845...57524511..SPRY3
*319...57617003...57617949..LOC644939
*320...57623407...57685814..SYBL1
*321...57727405...57728306..LOC644970
*322...57739640...57752876..IL9R

Y染色體上共有322個基因。

未翻譯內容

未翻譯內容如下--Flame 歡迎泡茶 2011年4月25日 (一) 00:50 (UTC)：

低效自然選擇

Without the ability to recombine during meiosis, the Y chromosome is unable to expose individual alleles to natural selection. Deleterious alleles are allowed to "hitchhike" with beneficial neighbors, thus propagating maladapted alleles in to the next generation. Conversely, advantageous alleles may be selected against if they are surrounded by harmful alleles (background selection). This inability to sort through its gene content, the Y chromosome is particularly prone to the accumulation of "junk" DNA. Massive accumulations of retrotransposable elements are scattered throughout the Y. The random insertion of DNA segments often disrupt encoded gene sequences and render them nonfunctional. However, the Y chromosome has no way of weeding out these "jumping genes". Without the ability to isolate alleles, selection cannot effectively act upon them.

遺傳漂變

Even if a well adapted Y chromosome manages to maintain genetic activity by avoiding mutation accumulation, there is no guarantee it will be passed down to the next generation. The population size of the Y chromosome is inherently limited to 1/4 that of autosomes: diploid organisms contain two copies of autosomal chromosomes while only half the population contains 1 Y chromosome. Thus, genetic drift is an exceptionally strong force acting upon the Y chromosome. Through sheer random assortment, an adult male may never pass on his Y chromosome if he only has female offspring. Thus, although a male may have a well adapted Y chromosome free of excessive mutation, it may never make it in to the next gene pool. The repeat random loss of well-adapted Y chromosomes, coupled with the tendency of the Y chromosome to evolve to have more deleterious mutations rather than less for reasons described above, contributes to the species-wide degeneration of Y chromosomes through Muller's ratchet.

基因轉換

In 2003, researchers from MIT discovered a process which may slow down the process of degradation. They found that human Y chromosome is able to "recombine" with itself, using palindrome base pair sequences. Such a "recombination" is called gene conversion or recombinational loss of heterozygosity (RecLOH).

In the case of the Y chromosomes, the palindromes are not noncoding DNA; these strings of bases contain functioning genes important for male fertility. Most of the sequence pairs are greater than 99.97% identical. The extensive use of gene conversion may play a role in the ability of the Y chromosome to edit out genetic mistakes and maintain the integrity of the relatively few genes it carries. In other words, since the Y chromosome is single, it has duplicates of its genes on itself instead of having a second, homologous, chromosome. When errors occur, it can use other parts of itself as a template to correct them.

Findings were confirmed by comparing similar regions of the Y chromosome in humans to the Y chromosomes of chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. The comparison demonstrated that the same phenomenon of gene conversion appeared to be at work more than 5 million years ago, when humans and the non-human primates diverged from each other.