用戶:Bobby.deng/沙盒
| Experiments in the Revival of Organisms | |
|---|---|
 Screenshot from the film showing the dog's head attached to Brukhonenko's autojektor | |
| 基本資料 | |
| 片長 | 19:31 |
| 產地 | 蘇聯 |
| 語言 |
|
| 上映及發行 | |
| 上映日期 | 1940 |
| 預算 | £20,000 |
Experiments in the Revival of Organisms (俄語：Эксперименты по оживлению организма) 是一部1940年的電影，該電影記錄了蘇聯學者對試圖復活已臨床死亡的有機體的研究工作。[1]現在該影片屬於 公有領域。這些手術由謝爾蓋·布留霍年科和鮑里斯·列文斯科夫斯基完成，他們當時正在向位於莫斯科的第二屆俄羅斯病理學家大會展示一種稱為autojektor的特殊心肺儀器，也稱為心肺機。[2]該影片攝錄於同樣位於莫斯科的實驗生理學與治療研究所。[3] 這種心肺機由Brukhonenko設計並製造，他在影片中所展示的工作據說開創了蘇聯史上在心瓣進行手術的先河。[4]在影片中所展示的autojektor設備與現行的體外膜氧合設備以及腎透析系統類似。
Synopsis
編輯該影片描繪並討論了一系列醫學實驗。影片開頭畫面為英國科學家約翰·伯頓·桑德森·霍爾丹陳述他如何親自看過電影中所執行的程序並挽救了戰爭中的生命。實驗一開始便展示了一顆與身體分離開的狗的心臟；4個相連的管後來被連接到器官上。在使用一種器械後，心臟以正常的、如同在機體內的方式跳動。然後顯示了托盤內的一個肺，這是通過使血液充氧的風箱來操作的。
Following the lung scene, the audience is then shown a heart-lung machine, composed of a pair of diaphragm linear pumps, venous and arterial, exchanging oxygen with a water reservoir. It is then seen supplying a canine head with oxygenated blood. The head is presented with external stimuli, which it responds to. Finally, a dog is brought to clinical death (depicted mostly via a graphical plot of lung and heart activity) by draining all blood from it. It is then left for ten minutes and connected to the heart-lung machine, which gradually returns the blood into the animal's circulation. After several minutes, the heart fibrillates, then restarts a normal rhythm. Respiration likewise resumes and the machine is removed. Over the ensuing ten days, the dog recovers from the procedure and continues living a healthy life. According to the film, several dogs were brought back to life using this method, including one which is an offspring of parents who were both also resuscitated.[5]
Reaction
編輯
Brukhonenko's decapitation experiment was remarked upon by 蕭伯納.[6]
Brukhonenko developed a new version of the autojektor (for use on humans) in the same year; it can be seen today on display at the Museum of Cardiovascular Surgery at the Bakulev Scientific Center of Cardiovascular Surgery in Russia.[7] Brukhonenko was posthumously awarded the prestigious 列寧獎.[8]
Some commentators have questioned the film's authenticity, given that none of the more dubious experiments are shown in any full-frame shots. According to some scientists who claim to have seen the experiments in the film, the severed dog head only survived for a few minutes when attached to the artificial heart, as opposed to the hours claimed in the film.[9]
In popular culture
編輯- In 2004 MF Doom released his song Fall Back / Titty Fat (through his album Venomous Villain) which begins and ends with excerpts from the experiment. The music video for this song largely consists of segments from the 1940 motion picture.
- In 2009, the band The Paper Chase (band) used portions of the film in their video "What Should We Do with Your Body? (The Lightning)".[10]
- A portion of the plot of 詹姆士·羅林斯' novel Bloodline is based on this experiment.
- The 1945 novel That Hideous Strength by C·S·路易斯 makes reference to the experiments.
- Polish poet 維斯拉瓦·辛波絲卡 references the experiment in her poem "The Experiment" circa 1967.[11]
- 金屬樂隊's video for their song "All Nightmare Long" is partially based on the video, and shows Soviet scientists reanimating a dead cat.
- In the video game 絕地要塞2, a cosmetic set for the Medic is called Canis Ex Machina in reference to the Soviet experiments in 1940.
See also
編輯References
編輯- ^ Experiments in the Revival of Organisms. Prelinger Archives. Techfilm Studios, Moscow. [28 April 2017].
- ^ Krementsov, Nikolai. Off with your heads: isolated organs in early Soviet science and fiction. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. June 2009, 40 (2): 87–100 [28 April 2017].
- ^ Swain, Frank. How to Make a Zombie: The Real Life (and Death) Science of Reanimation and Mind Control. Oneworld Publications. 2013-06-11: 39. ISBN 9781851689446 （英語）.
- ^ Konstantinov, Igor; Alexi-Meskishvili, Vladimir. Sergei S. Brukhonenko: The Development of the First Heart-Lung Machine for Total Body Perfusion.. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2000, 69 (3): 962–966 [28 April 2017].
- ^ Experiments in the Revival of Organisms. Prelinger Archives. Techfilm Studios, Moscow. [28 April 2017].
- ^ Sergej Sergejewitsch Brychonenko. [2010-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2007-01-21）.
- ^ Museum of Cardiovascular Surgery. [2006-03-06]. （原始內容存檔於2006-02-08）.
- ^ ЛАБОРАТОРИЯ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ПАТОЛОГИИ. [2008-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於January 29, 2007）.. sklifos.ru (in Russian)
- ^ Bellows, Alan. Alien Hand Syndrome: And Other Too-Weird-Not-to-Be-True Stories. Workman Publishing. 2009: 32–3. ISBN 9780761152255 （英語）.
- ^ "What Should We Do With Your Body? (The Lightning)" video. YouTube. [2017-01-19].
- ^ "Wisława Szymborska III (The Experiment)" Poem.
External links
編輯- Hill, JD (September 1982). "John H. Gibbon, Jr. Part I. The development of the first successful heart-lung machine.". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 34 (3): 337–341. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- Fou, Adora Ann (1997). "John H. Gibbon. The first 20 years of the heart-lung machine." Texas Heart Institute Journal. 24 (1): 1–8. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- Krementsov, Nikolai (June 2009). "Off with your heads: isolated organs in early Soviet science and fiction". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 40 (2): 87–100. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- Passaroni, Andréia; Silva, Marcos; Yoshida, Winston (November 2014). "Cardiopulmonary bypass: development of John Gibbon's heart-lung machine". 30 (2): 235–245. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- Blair-St. Giles, et al (August 1983). "Dying and death, with special reference to brain death. A bibliography". Resuscitation. 10 (4): 235–251. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- Time Magazine reports on the film's premiere
- The Autojektor on display at the Scientific Center of Cardiovascular Surgery (in Russian) (via Wayback Machine)
- A medical paper on Brukhonenko's work (in Russian, requires PubMed access)
- Brukhonenko excerpt from "The Golden Book of Russia. The Year 2000"
Category:Soviet black-and-white films Category:Soviet films Category:1940s documentary films Category:Black-and-white documentary films Category:Articles containing video clips