維基百科

下丘腦腹內側核

下丘腦腹內側核（ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus，縮寫VMN ，或ventromedial hypothalamus，縮寫VMH ）是下丘腦的一個核團。 腹內側核與飢餓感、恐懼感、體溫調節和性向行為相關， [1]位於其中的飽食中樞促使人產生飽足感。

下丘腦腹內側核
腹內側核位於圖中的「VM」處
基本資訊
屬於下丘腦
動脈腦底動脈（英語：Basilar artery）
標識字符
拉丁文nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
MeSHD014697
NeuroNames（英語：NeuroNames）398
NeuroLex（英語：NeuroLex） IDbirnlex_1572
TA98A14.1.08.928
TA25729
FMAFMA:62332
《神經解剖學術語（英語：Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy）》

結構

編輯

腹內側核細分為下列四個部分：

  • 前腹側（VMHa）
  • 背內側（VMHdm）：影響雄性發聲和氣味標記行為。 [2] [3]
  • 腹外側（VMHvl）：包含許多不同功能的神經元群。 [4]該區域對女性的性興奮行為（脊柱前凸）產生影響。[5] [6] [7] [8]對雌激素介導的運動[9]和能量消耗與產熱也有影響。[10]
  • 中央（VMHc）

在解剖學、神經化學和行為科學領域有不同的細分方式。

功能

編輯

腹內側核與飽足感（英語：satiety）相關。早期研究指出腹內側核病變會導致實驗鼠暴食，也會導致肥胖症。然而Gold的研究顯示腹內側核受損並不會影響到攝食量，推翻了早期實驗的解釋。[11]然而，多項研究顯示突發性的暴食症及肥胖症是由腹內側核的病變或注射普魯卡因所引發，並可由此看出腹內側核對飽足感的影響。[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

在2006年對於這個議題的主要審查得出以下結論：在Gold的研究前後都有相關的解剖學研究，但是對於病變的研究結果與Gold的研究結果不盡相同，期間所有發佈的論文中皆比較了腹內側核病變及視旁核（PVN）病變，並且表明腹內側核病變的實驗對象的進食量明顯較多，使得體重比原先增加了兩倍之多。[19]這也證實了腹內側核是下丘腦的飽食中樞。

研究也發現腹內側核損傷會導致大鼠血漿中胰島素的含量增加。與一般大鼠相比，腹內側核病變的大鼠產生過多的循環飽腹感因子（瘦素），並無法對此作出反應，造成牠們進食過度。[20]

研究人員分別觀察了21隻肥胖程度不同的大鼠，包括「生長外觀」、「脂肪分佈」、「身體狀況」以及「肥胖程度」與下丘腦病變之間的相關性。下丘腦區域（尤其是腹內側區域）的病變會阻斷大量下丘腦細胞群的下行神經纖維，從而導致大鼠肥胖。[21]

另一項研究發現下丘腦腹內側內的大麻素受體mRNA濃度似乎高過下丘腦內其他細胞的。大麻素的攝入與「獎勵機制」有關，也與大腦多巴胺的釋放有關。[22]

腹內側核對於哺乳動物的遊戲行為來說也很重要，腹內側核以及海馬體、杏仁核、小腦和下丘腦外側（英語：Lateral hypothalamus）病變均與遊戲減少相關。[23]

研究指出，腹內側核雙側的果寡糖（FOS）表現與C57BL/6J小鼠氟乙基反覆誘發癲癇的嚴重程度變化有關。[24][25] 此外，腹內側核雙側的病變能夠阻止癲癇放電傳播進入腦幹癲癇系統。[26]

手術

編輯

在西德，至少有70名男性在1962年至1979年間接受了腹內側核手術。這些人當中多是因為有不正常的性行為（如：同性戀、性慾亢進、戀童癖等）而被強制接受手術。[27]

參考資料

編輯
  1. ^ Kurrasch DM, Cheung CC, Lee FY, Tran PV, Hata K, Ingraham HA. The neonatal ventromedial hypothalamus transcriptome reveals novel markers with spatially distinct patterning. The Journal of Neuroscience. December 2007, 27 (50): 13624–34. PMC 6673626  . PMID 18077674. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2858-07.2007  . 
  2. ^ Flanagan-Cato LM, Lee BJ, Calizo LH. Co-localization of midbrain projections, progestin receptors, and mating-induced fos in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of the female rat. Hormones and Behavior. June 2006, 50 (1): 52–60. PMID 16546183. S2CID 36201218. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.01.012. 
  3. ^ Harding SM, McGinnis MY. Microlesions of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: effects on sociosexual behaviors in male rats. Behavioral Neuroscience. October 2005, 119 (5): 1227–34. PMID 16300430. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.5.1227. 
  4. ^ Kammel LG, Correa SM. Selective sexual differentiation of neurone populations may contribute to sex-specific outputs of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. January 2020, 32 (1): e12801. PMC 6982598  . PMID 31605642. doi:10.1111/jne.12801. 
  5. ^ Kow LM, Pfaff DW. Mapping of neural and signal transduction pathways for lordosis in the search for estrogen actions on the central nervous system. Behavioural Brain Research. May 1998, 92 (2): 169–80. PMID 9638959. S2CID 28276218. doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00189-7. 
  6. ^ Christensen LW, Nance DM, Gorski RA. Effects of hypothalamic and preoptic lesions on reproductive behavior in male rats. Brain Research Bulletin. 1977, 2 (2): 137–41. PMID 880486. S2CID 4700161. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(77)90010-7. 
  7. ^ Pfaff DW, Sakuma Y. Facilitation of the lordosis reflex of female rats from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. The Journal of Physiology. March 1979, 288: 189–202. PMC 1281421  . PMID 469715. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012690. 
  8. ^ Matsumoto T, Yamanouchi K. Acceleration of mounting behaviors in female rats by ibotenic acid lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Neuroscience Letters. September 2000, 291 (3): 143–6. PMID 10984627. S2CID 10334038. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01388-4. 
  9. ^ Correa SM, Newstrom DW, Warne JP, Flandin P, Cheung CC, Lin-Moore AT, Pierce AA, Xu AW, Rubenstein JL, Ingraham HA. An Estrogen-Responsive Module in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Selectively Drives Sex-Specific Activity in Females. Cell Reports. January 2015, 10 (1): 62–74. PMC 4324838  . PMID 25543145. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.011  . 
  10. ^ van Veen JE, Kammel LG, Bunda PC, Shum M, Reid MS, Massa MG, Arneson D, Park JW, Zhang Z, Joseph AM, Hrncir H, Liesa M, Arnold AP, Yang X, Correa SM. Hypothalamic estrogen receptor alpha establishes a sexually dimorphic regulatory node of energy expenditure. Nature Metabolism. April 2020, 2 (4): 351–63. PMC 7202561  . PMID 32377634. doi:10.1038/s42255-020-0189-6. 
  11. ^ Gold RM. Hypothalamic obesity: the myth of the ventromedial nucleus. Science. November 1973, 182 (4111): 488–90. Bibcode:1973Sci...182..488G. PMID 4795550. S2CID 3011420. doi:10.1126/science.182.4111.488. 
  12. ^ Balagura S, Devenport LD. Feeding patterns of normal and ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned male and female rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. June 1970, 71 (3): 357–64. PMID 5480868. doi:10.1037/h0029118. 
  13. ^ Becker EE, Kissileff HR. Inhibitory controls of feeding by the ventromedial hypothalamus. The American Journal of Physiology. February 1974, 226 (2): 383–96. PMID 4811195. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.226.2.383. 
  14. ^ Berthoud HR, Jeanrenaud B. Changes of insulinemia, glycemia and feeding behavior induced by VMH-procainization in the rat. Brain Research. September 1979, 174 (1): 184–7. PMID 487120. S2CID 39015121. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90816-3. 
  15. ^ Brooks CM, Lockwood RA, Wiggins ML. A study of the effect of hypothalamic lesions on the eating habits of the albino rat. The American Journal of Physiology. December 1946, 147 (4): 735–41. PMID 20277066. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1946.147.4.735. 
  16. ^ Epstein AN. Reciprocal changes in feeding behavior produced by intrahypothalamic chemical injections. The American Journal of Physiology. December 1960, 199 (6): 969–74. PMID 13697000. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1960.199.6.969  . 
  17. ^ Larkin RP. Effect of ventromedial hypothalamic procaine injections on feeding, lever pressing, and other behavior in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. November 1975, 89 (9): 1100–8. PMID 1202103. doi:10.1037/h0077192. 
  18. ^ Maes H. Time course of feeding induced by pentobarbital-injections into the rat's VMH. Physiology & Behavior. June 1980, 24 (6): 1107–14. PMID 7413790. S2CID 43051882. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90055-4. 
  19. ^ King BM. The rise, fall, and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight. Physiology & Behavior. February 2006, 87 (2): 221–44. PMID 16412483. S2CID 40880350. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.007. 
  20. ^ Satoh N, Ogawa Y, Katsuura G, Tsuji T, Masuzaki H, Hiraoka J, Okazaki T, Tamaki M, Hayase M, Yoshimasa Y, Nishi S, Hosoda K, Nakao K. Pathophysiological significance of the obese gene product, leptin, in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)-lesioned rats: evidence for loss of its satiety effect in VMH-lesioned rats. Endocrinology. March 1997, 138 (3): 947–54. PMID 9048594. doi:10.1210/endo.138.3.4989  . 
  21. ^ Hetherington AW, Ranson SW. The relation of various hypothalamic lesions to adiposity in the rat. (PDF). Journal of Comparative Neurology. June 1942, 76 (3): 475–99 [2023-02-03]. S2CID 85715802. doi:10.1002/cne.900760308. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-06-06）. 
  22. ^ Jamshidi N, Taylor DA. Anandamide administration into the ventromedial hypothalamus stimulates appetite in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology. November 2001, 134 (6): 1151–4. PMC 1573067  . PMID 11704633. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704379. 
  23. ^ Panksepp J, Siviy S, Normansell L. The psychobiology of play: theoretical and methodological perspectives. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 1984, 8 (4): 465–92. PMID 6392950. S2CID 26810046. doi:10.1016/0149-7634(84)90005-8. 
  24. ^ Kadiyala SB, Papandrea D, Tuz K, Anderson TM, Jayakumar S, Herron BJ, Ferland RJ. Spatiotemporal differences in the c-fos pathway between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice following flurothyl-induced seizures: A dissociation of hippocampal Fos from seizure activity. Epilepsy Research. January 2015, 109: 183–96. PMC 4272448  . PMID 25524858. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.11.009. 
  25. ^ Kadiyala SB, Ferland RJ. Dissociation of spontaneous seizures and brainstem seizure thresholds in mice exposed to eight flurothyl-induced generalized seizures. Epilepsia Open. March 2017, 2 (1): 48–58. PMC 5560332  . PMID 28825051. doi:10.1002/epi4.12031. 
  26. ^ Ferland RJ, Applegate CD. The role of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in epileptogenesis. NeuroReport. November 1998, 9 (16): 3623–9. PMID 9858370. S2CID 29713035. doi:10.1097/00001756-199811160-00013. 
  27. ^ Rieber, Inge; Sigusch, Volkmar. Psychosurgery on sex offenders and sexual ?deviants? in West Germany. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1979, 8 (6): 523–527. doi:10.1007/BF01541419. 

外部連結

編輯
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