烏邁耶大清真寺
敘利亞的清真寺
烏邁耶大清真寺(始建於705年)是伊斯蘭教最主要的清真寺之一,位於敘利亞首都大馬士革。該寺被認為是伊斯蘭教的第四大聖寺。
奧米亞大清真寺 جامع بني أمية الكبير | |
---|---|
基本資訊 | |
地區 | 黎凡特 |
位置 | 敘利亞大馬士革 |
座標 | 33°30′43″N 36°18′24″E / 33.511944°N 36.306667°E |
宗教 | 伊斯蘭教 |
功能狀態 | 現存 |
建築詳情 | |
建築類型 | 清真寺 |
建築風格 | 奧米亞王朝 |
竣工 | 715 |
建築材料 | 石、大理石、磁磚、馬賽克 |
宣禮塔 | 3 |
地圖 | |
烏邁耶清真寺最早是羅馬帝國時期的朱庇特神殿,在392年羅馬帝國定基督教為國教後改為聖約翰大教堂(紀念施洗約翰),為正教會安提阿牧首區下大馬士革主教的主教座堂。敘利亞於7世紀為阿拉伯人征服後,聖約翰大教堂一度仍歸基督教徒做禮拜之用。705年,烏邁耶王朝的哈里發瓦利德一世接收了這座教堂,將其改為清真寺。瓦利德一世從拜占庭、敘利亞、埃及等地招集工匠,歷時十年將清真寺建成。
在改造過程中,教堂的長方形佈局被保存下來,但其餘部分有多少被留用則不得而知。可以肯定的是,烏邁耶清真寺有兩座尖塔原來是教堂的望樓,第三座光塔則為瓦利德一世所建。
歷史上,烏邁耶清真寺曾經三次被焚毀。第一次是在1069年清真寺發生火災;第二次是在1400年,中亞的征服者帖木兒圍攻大馬士革時縱火燒毀了清真寺;第三次是在1893年,清真寺再度發生火災。
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