分區問題
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分區問題(英語:Partition problem)是數論和計算機科學領域的問題,[1]目的是把一個多重集分為和兩個子集,要求和這兩個集合中所有數的和相等。儘管分區問題屬於NP完全問題,但是依然存在偽多項式時間的動態規劃解法,而且在很多情況下也存在啟發式的解法,能夠求出最優解或近似最優解。正是基於這一點,這類問題也被稱為「最簡單的難題」。[2][3]
分區問題存在一個最佳化問題,該問題是將分為和,要求中元素的和與中元素的和相差最小。這一問題屬於NP困難問題,但在實踐中依舊存在高效的解法。[4]
分區問題是以下兩個相關問題的特殊情況:
實例
編輯現有多重集 ,可以被分為 以及 ,兩者元素之和皆為5。
註釋
編輯- ^ Korf 1998.
- ^ Hayes, Brian, The Easiest Hard Problem (PDF), American Scientist, vol. 90 no. 2 (Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society), March–April 2002: 113–117 [2022-03-01], JSTOR 27857621, (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-09-16)
- ^ Mertens 2006,第125頁.
- ^ Korf, Richard E. Multi-Way Number Partitioning (PDF). IJCAI. 2009 [2022-03-01]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-11-27).
- ^ Garey, Michael; Johnson, David. Computers and Intractability; A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. 1979: 96–105. ISBN 978-0-7167-1045-5.
參考文獻
編輯- Borgs, Christian; Chayes, Jennifer; Pittel, Boris, Phase transition and finite-size scaling for the integer partitioning problem, Random Structures and Algorithms, 2001, 19 (3–4): 247–288, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.89.9577 , doi:10.1002/rsa.10004
- Gent, Ian; Walsh, Toby. Phase Transitions and Annealed Theories: Number Partitioning as a Case Study. Wolfgang Wahlster (編). Proceedings of 12th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. ECAI-96. John Wiley and Sons: 170–174. August 1996. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.2.4475 .
- Gent, Ian; Walsh, Toby, Analysis of Heuristics for Number Partitioning, Computational Intelligence, 1998, 14 (3): 430–451, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.149.4980 , S2CID 15344203, doi:10.1111/0824-7935.00069
- Korf, Richard E., A complete anytime algorithm for number partitioning, Artificial Intelligence, 1998, 106 (2): 181–203, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.90.993 , ISSN 0004-3702, doi:10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00086-1
- Mertens, Stephan, Phase Transition in the Number Partitioning Problem, Physical Review Letters, November 1998, 81 (20): 4281–4284, Bibcode:1998PhRvL..81.4281M, S2CID 119541289, arXiv:cond-mat/9807077 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.4281
- Mertens, Stephan, A physicist's approach to number partitioning, Theoretical Computer Science, 2001, 265 (1–2): 79–108, S2CID 16534837, arXiv:cond-mat/0009230 , doi:10.1016/S0304-3975(01)00153-0
- Mertens, Stephan. The Easiest Hard Problem: Number Partitioning. Allon Percus; Gabriel Istrate; Cristopher Moore (編). Computational complexity and statistical physics. USA: Oxford University Press. 2006: 125–140 [2022-03-01]. Bibcode:2003cond.mat.10317M. ISBN 9780195177374. arXiv:cond-mat/0310317 . (原始內容存檔於2017-04-05).
- Mertens, Stephan, A complete anytime algorithm for balanced number partitioning, 1999, arXiv:cs/9903011