古羅馬兵營
古羅馬兵營（拉丁語：Castra，音譯卡斯特拉，單數格式castrum）是古羅馬人用作軍事防禦陣地而構建的建築物或預留的地塊。這個詞在奧斯坎語和翁布里亞語都出現。在古典拉丁語中，根據雷納特斯的解釋，Castra的意思是「大的軍團營地」，也包含了行軍，臨時和永久防禦的意思，小詞綴形式的castellum通常但有時並非如此用於表示較小的堡壘，被輔助部門佔用，作為軍團的物流基地。[1]在英語中，術語Roman fortress，Roman fort和Roman camp通常指Castra。然而學術界趨於使用camp，marching camp和fortress作為Castra的翻譯。這些慣例通常被遵循並使用在學術著作中。[2]
古羅馬兵營的類型
編輯
古羅馬兵營有名的類型是營地，在士兵不作戰或行軍時用於容納和保護士兵以及他們的設備和用品的軍事重鎮。根據規定，一支主要的野戰軍隊每天要撤退到一個正確構造的營地里。為此，行軍裏面需要運輸輜重，貨車和士兵的背擔負建造營地所需材料。營地由工程部門負責，該部門有很多類型的專家，由首席工程師指揮，從士兵中徵用大量的勞動力。他們可以在敵人的攻擊下於短短的幾個小時建造一個營地。[3]
營地讓羅馬人在野戰時保持休息和提供補給。無論是凱爾特還是日耳曼軍隊都沒有這樣的能力。
腳註
編輯- ^ 參見Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, 3.8.
- ^ See D. B. Campbell, Roman Auxiliary Forts 27 BC-AD 378, Oxford 2009, page 4, with a discussion about the typologies of Roman fortifications.
- ^ Ramsay's classic article, linked under External links, General, below, covers types of camps and camps in general. This Wikipedia article is heavily indebted but not exclusively to it.
參考資料
編輯- Josephus. Trans. William Whiston.
The War of the Jews. 維基文庫. - Population of Vindolanda. (the Tablets) (shtml). Vindolanda Tablets Online: The Roman Army: Activities. Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, Academic Computing Development Team at Oxford University. 100 AD [2014-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-16）. * pseudo-Hyginus. De Munitionibus Castrorum. The Latin Library. Ad fontes Academy. [2014-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-14）. (Latin text.)
- Polybius. The Histories (English translation) Book VI. The Loeb Classical Library, Volume III Section VI. [2014-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-29）. Web publication on Bill Thayer's Polybius site.
- Roman government. (Military Diploma). Military Diploma of Discharge and Roman Citizenship 160 AD. Metz, George W. 160 AD [2014-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-21）. Legion xxiv website.
- Unknown inscriber. (the Tombstone). Tombstone of Anicius Ingenuus, Museum of Antiquities Website. Newcastle University. 3rd century AD [2014-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2006-08-25）.
- Vegetius. Flavius Vegetius Renatus Epitoma Rei Militaris Book I. Armamentarium. [2014-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2006-06-18）. Selections, Latin and English juxtaposed by paragraph. Translator unknown.
- Vegetius Renatus, Flavius; Clarke, Lieutenant John (translator); unknown editor. The Military Institutions of the Romans (De Re Militari). Digital Attic 2.0. Brevik, Mads. 2001 [2014-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2007-08-25）. Books I-III only. The unknown editor altered the translation "to conform to modern usage" and abbreviated the text. Access is by subtitle. Search only within subsection.
- Campbell, Duncan B. Roman Auxiliary Forts 27 BC-AD 378. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2009. ISBN 978-1-84603-380-3.
- Johnson, Anne. Roman Forts of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD in Britain and the German Provinces,. London: Adam & Charles Black. 1983. ISBN 0-7136-2223-7.
- Keppie, Lawrence. The Making of the Roman Army from Republic to Empire. New York: Barnes and Noble Books. 1994. ISBN 1-56619-359-1.
- Roby, Henry John. A Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius: Second Edition. London: Macmillan. 1872: 453.
