單獨監禁
單獨監禁又稱單獨關押、關禁閉，是一種囚禁手段，被監禁的人住在一個單獨的牢房裏，因此他無法與其他人交流[1][2][3]。
大量研究表明，單獨關押對囚犯有着深刻的負面影響，往往囚犯被釋放出來後，他們還會受到影響[4]。雖然監獄方面有人表示單獨關押是維護監獄安全的必要手段[5]，但許多心理健康和法律專業組織對這種做法表示批評，並認為應該嚴格限制單獨關押犯人[6][7][8]。
人權專家表示，長時間的單獨關押可以被視為酷刑[9]，聯合國的《關押待遇的最低標準規則》（也稱為曼德拉規則）於2015年修訂，該規則提到應該禁止將人單獨關押超過15天以上[10]。
參考文獻 編輯
- ^ Lobel, Jules; Smith, Peter Scharff (編). Solitary Confinement: Effects, Practices, and Pathways toward Reform. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-0-19-094792-7.
- ^ Browne, Angela; Cambier, Alissa; Agha, Suzanne. Prisons Within Prisons: The Use of Segregation in the United States. Federal Sentencing Reporter. 1 October 2011, 24 (1): 46–49. doi:10.1525/fsr.2011.24.1.46.
- ^ Bottos, Shauna. Profile of Offenders in Administrative Segregation: A Review of the Literature (報告). Ottawa: Research Branch, Correctional Service of Canada. 2007. Research Report No. B-39.
- ^ Haney, Craig. Restricting the Use of Solitary Confinement. Annual Review of Criminology. 2018, 1: 285–310. ISSN 2572-4568. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092326.
- ^ Mears, Daniel; Hughes, Vivian; Pesta, George B. Managing Prisons Through Extended Solitary Confinement: A Necessary Approach or a Signal of Prison System Failure?. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. November 2021: 0306624X2110589. PMID 34784829. S2CID 244390888. doi:10.1177/0306624X211058948.
- ^ Position Statement on Segregation of Prisoners with Mental Illness (PDF). American Psychiatric Association. December 2017 [29 June 2023]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-10-21）.
- ^ Solitary Confinement as a Public Health Issue. American Public Health Organization. 5 November 2013 [29 June 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-09-21）.
- ^ Rawles, Lee. ABA House passes measure urging curbs on solitary confinement: 'This is inhumane'. ABAJournal. American Bar Association. 5 February 2018 [29 June 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-29）.
- ^ Section, United Nations News Service. UN News - Solitary confinement should be banned in most cases, UN expert says. UN News Service Section. 18 October 2011 [29 June 2017]. （原始內容存檔於24 June 2017）.
- ^ United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). General Assembly resolution (annex) of 17 December 2015. 存档副本. [2023-08-02]. 原始內容存檔於2022-08-20.