天條令狀
天條令狀或譴責令（希伯來語：חֵרֶם）是猶太社區中對個人最高的教會譴責。它是將一個人完全排斥出猶太社區的行為。這種排斥形式類似於天主教會中的「絕罰」。歷史上知名的相關事件包括針對巴魯赫·斯賓諾莎以及針對包括托洛茨基和季諾維也夫在內的猶太人布爾什維克的天條令狀。[1]
參考資料
編輯- ^ Zinoviev cynically referred to this in his eulogy of Uritsky (the chief of the Petrograd Cheka, assassinated on August 30, 1918):
When we read that in Odessa, under Skoropadsky, the rabbis assembled in special council, and there these representatives of the rich Jews, officially, before the entire world, excommunicated from the Jewish community such Jews as Trotsky and me, your obedient servant, and others - no single hair of any of us has turned gray because of grief"
——Zinoviev, Sochineniia, 16:224, quoted in Bezbozhnik [The godless], no. 20 (12 September 1938).