曼地盾
地理與地質
編輯曼地盾包括科特迪瓦、馬里、布基納法索、加納、塞拉利昂、利比里亞和幾內亞的一部分。[1]西非克拉通一大部分都屬於這個地盾,包含有古元古代的比利姆岩系。[2]
比利姆岩系最早形成在未成熟的火山弧環境中,後來在象牙造山運動期間再次變質。這一地區的綠岩帶少見,使得構造史的相當大一部分都是缺失的。有限暴露分佈的綠岩帶經歷了大型變形事件associated with 花崗岩類深成岩。[3] 世界上品位最高的金礦大都位於曼地盾,其他重要礦物還有鐵礦、鋁、鉛鋅、錳、磷和鈾礦。大部分金礦在象牙造山運動期間形成,剩下一些的年代還要更早,是在新元古代洋弧弧後盆地中形成,在白堊紀受到侵蝕出露。[4]
參考
編輯- ^ Jessell M.W., Liégeois J-P. (2015). "100 years of research on the West African Craton". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 112(B): 377– 381. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.10.008
- ^ Ennih N. & Liégeois J-P. (2008). The Boundaries of the West African Craton. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 297: 1–17. doi:10.1144/SP297.1
- ^ Ganne J., De Andrade V., Weinberg R.F., Vidal O., Dubacq B., Kagambega N., Naba S., Baratoux L., Jessell M., Allibon J. (2011). "Modern-style plate subduction preserved in the Palaeoproterozoic West African craton". Nature: Geoscience. 5: 60-65.doi:10.1038/ngeo1321
- ^ Markwitz V., Hein K.A.A., Jessell M.W., Miller J. (2016).M "etallogenic portfolio of the West African craton". Ore Geology Reviews. 78: 558-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.10.024
外部連結
編輯- Mason, Edited by Robert, Basement tectonics 7 : proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Basement Tectonics, held in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, August 1987, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1992, ISBN 0-7923-1582-0
- Virginia Heffernan, Exploring in Africa, Earth Explorer, August 2008 [2009-03-25], (原始內容存檔於2020-06-09)
- Haggerty, S. E., Hills, D. V., & Toft, P. B., Crustal Evolution and the Eclogite to Granulite Phase Transition in Xenoliths from the West African Craton, Workshop on the Growth of Continental Crust (University of Massachusetts), 1987-07-13: 68, Bibcode:1988gocc.work...68H
- Imrich Kusnir, Gold in Mali (PDF), Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 1999, 4: 311–318 [2009-03-25], (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-10-04)
- Thomas Schlüter, Geological Atlas of Africa: Liberia, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006-01-16, doi:10.1007/3-540-29145-8_31
- WAXI: West African Exploration Initiative, West Africa Exploration Initiative, [2009-03-25], (原始內容存檔於2011-07-22)
- West Africa Exploration Initiative: Stage 1 (PDF), AMIRA International Limited, June 2006 [2009-03-25][失效連結]
- E.I. Nikolenko; V.P. Afanasiev, Magnetic picroilmenites from Guinean (Africa) and Yakutian kimberlites (PDF), Russian Academy of Sciences, 2008 [2009-03-25], (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-03-03)
- Regional geology of West Africa, Minerals Commission (Ghana), [2009-03-25], (原始內容存檔於2007-07-25)