森林玻璃
森林玻璃(德語:Waldglas)是一種中世紀晚期的玻璃,大約在公元 1000 年至 1700 年期間在歐洲西北部和中部生產,使用木灰和沙子作為主要原料,並在森林地區被稱為溫室的工廠中製造。它的特點是各種黃綠色,早期的產品往往設計粗糙,品質差,主要用於日常器皿,越來越多地用於教會的彩色玻璃窗。 它的成分和製造與以地中海為中心的羅馬和前羅馬玻璃製品以及東部同時代的拜占庭和伊斯蘭玻璃製品形成鮮明對比。
參考資料
編輯- Agricola, G. 1556, De Re Metallica, Book XII, Basel, (translated by H.C. and L.H. Hoover) Dover reprint 1950.
- Cable, M., 1998, The operation of wood-fired glass-melting furnaces. In: P. McCray and D. Kingery (eds.), The *Prehistory and History of Glassmaking Technology, 315–330.
- Crossley, D.,1998, The English glassmaker and his search for raw materials in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: P. *McCray and D. Kingery (eds.), The Prehistory and History of Glassmaking Technology, 167–179.
- Eramo, G., 2006, The glass-making crucibles of Derrière Sairoche (1699-1714 AD, Ct. Bern, Switzerland): a petrological approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 440–452.
- Freestone, I., 1992, Theophilus and the composition of medieval glass. In: P. Vandiver er al. (eds.), Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III, 739–745.
- Hammersley, G., 1973, The Charcoal Iron Industry and its Fuel. Economic History Review ser 2,26,593–613.
- Newton, R.G.,1978, Colouring agents used by medieval glass-makers. Glass Technology 19, 59–60.
- Pollard, A.M., and Heron, C., 1996, Archaeological Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Rehren, Th., 2000, Rationales in Old World base glass compositions. Journal of Archaeological Science 27, 1225–1234.
- Schalm, O., Calluwe, D., Wouters, H., Janssens, K., Verhaeghe, F., & Pieters, M., 2004, Chemical composition and deterioration of glass excavated in the 15-16th century fishermen town of Raversijde (Belgium), Spectrochimica Acta Part B 59, 1647-1656.
- Seibel, F., 2000, The Mandeville Miniature: Correct or Faulty?. In: Annales du 14e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'histoire du Verre, 2000, 208–209.
- Shortland, A., Schachner, L., Freestone, I. and Tite, M., 2006, Natron as a flux in the early vitreous materials industry: sources, beginnings and reasons for decline. Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 521–530.
- Smedley, J., Jackson, C.M., and Booth, C.A., 1998, Back to the roots: the raw materials, glass recipes and glassmaking practices of Theophilus. In: P. McCray and D. Kingery (eds.), The Prehistory and History of Glassmaking Technology, 145–165.
- Stern, W.B. and Gerber, Y., 2004. Potassium-Calcium Glass: New data and experiments. Archaeometry 46, 137–156.
- Tait, H., 1991. Five Thousand Years of Glass. British Museum Press, London.
- Theophilus, On Divers Arts. Edited and translated (1963) by J.G.Hawthorne and C.S.Smith (Dover Publications, New York)
- Wedepohl, K.H., 2000, The change in composition of medieval glass types occurring in excavated fragments from Germany. In: Annales du 14e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'histoire du Verre, 1998, 253–257.
- Wedepohl, K.H., 2005. The change in composition of medieval glass types occurring in excavated fragments from Germany. In: Annales du 16e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'histoire du Verre, 2003, 203–206.