海地克里奧爾語

海地克里奧爾語
海地克里奧爾語
Kreyòl ayisyen
發音	[kɣejɔl ajisjɛ̃]
母語國家和地區	海地，亦有分佈在世界各地的海地裔人士使用
母語使用人數	1,200萬人（2022年）
語系	克里奧爾語基於法語的克里奧爾語與皮欽語安的列斯克里奧爾語海地克里奧爾語; ; ;
官方地位
作為官方語言	海地
承認少數語言	巴哈馬; 古巴; 多米尼加
管理機構	海地克里奧爾語學院（英語：Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen）
語言代碼
ISO 639-1	ht
ISO 639-2	hat
ISO 639-3	hat
Glottolog	hait1244 Haitian
語言瞭望站	51-AAC-cb
IETF	ht
	本條目包含國際音標符號。部分作業系統及瀏覽器需要特殊字母與符號支援才能正確顯示，否則可能顯示為亂碼、問號、空格等其它符號。

海地克里奧爾語（Kreyòl ayisyen [kɣejɔl ajisjɛ̃]^[5]^[6]），在當地又簡稱為克里奧爾語（Kreyòl [kɣejɔl]），是一種以法語為基礎的克里奧爾語（英語：French-based creole languages），全世界約有1,000萬至1,200萬人使用。該語言是海地兩種官方語言之一（另一種為法語），亦是當地大多數人的母語^[7]^[8]。移民海外的海地僑民約有35萬人使用海地克里奧爾語，主要分佈在加拿大、美國、法國，以及加勒比海諸國（當中尤其以多明尼加、古巴與巴哈馬為最多）。

海地克里奧爾語起源在17世紀至18世紀的大西洋奴隸貿易期間，法國定居者與被奴役的非洲人於法屬聖多明戈（今海地）之間的接觸，並隨着當地人口族群及日後外來種族的影響而逐漸變成一種的獨特的語言^[9]^[10]。海地克里奧爾語的詞彙主要由18世紀的法語演變而來，其語法則類近西非的沃爾特-剛果語支（特別是豐語與伊博語）^[10]。此外，該語言亦受到西班牙語、英語、葡萄牙語、泰諾語（英語：Taíno language）（伊斯帕尼奧拉島上原住民泰諾人所使用的語言），以及西非其他語言的影響^[11]。海地克里奧爾語擁有一套獨特的語法，與標準法語之間無法互通。據一些來源指出，海地克里奧爾語是現今世界上眾多克里奧爾語中使用人數最多的^[12]。不過，這說法存在一定爭議，有部分來源聲稱尼日利亞皮欽語（一種以英語為基礎的克里奧爾語（英語：English-based creole languages））的使用者人數比起講海地克里奧爾語與其他以法語為基礎的克里奧爾語的人還要多，特別是如果將非母語使用者計算在內的話。

參考文獻

^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Dufour, Fritz (編). Exploring the Possibilities for the Emergence of a Single and Global Native Language. Language Arts & Disciplines: 4. 2017 [11 October 2020].
^ Cérémonie de lancement d'un partenariat entre le Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Formation Professionnelle et l'Académie Créole. Port‑au‑Prince, Haiti: Government of the Republic of Haiti. 8 July 2015 [5 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於28 July 2015）（法語及海地克里奧爾語）.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Haitian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ Faraclas, Nicholas; Spears, Arthur K.; Barrows, Elizabeth; Piñeiro, Mayra Cortes. II. Structure and Use §[[:Template:Nnbsp]]4. Orthography. Spears, Arthur K.; Joseph, Carole M. Berotte (編). The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. 2012: 100 [1st pub. 2010]. ISBN 978-0-7391-7221-6. LCCN 2010015856. OCLC 838418590. 網址－維基內鏈衝突 (幫助)
^ Valdman, Albert. Creole: The National Language of Haiti. Footsteps. 2002, 2 (4): 36–39. （原始內容存檔於13 July 2015）.
^ DeGraff, Michel; Ruggles, Molly. A Creole Solution for Haiti's Woes. The New York Times: A17. 1 August 2014. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始內容存檔於6 September 2015）. Under the 1987 Constitution, adopted after the overthrow of Jean‑Claude Duvalier’s dictatorship, [Haitian] Creole and French have been the two official languages, but most of the population speaks only Creole fluently.
^ Léonidas, Jean-Robert. Prétendus Créolismes: Le Couteau dans l'Igname [So‑Called Creolisms: The Knife in the Yam]. Montréal: Editions du CIDIHCA. 1995. ISBN 978-2-920862-97-5. LCCN 95207252. OCLC 34851284. OL 3160860W （法語）.
^ DeGraff, Michel. Kreyòl Ayisyen, or Haitian Creole ('Creole French') (PDF). Holm, John; Patrick, Peter L. (編). Comparative Creole Syntax: Parallel Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars. London: Battlebridge. 2007: 101–102. ISBN 978-1-903292-01-3. OCLC 192098910. OL 12266293M. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於31 July 2015）.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Seguin, Luisa. Transparency and Language Contact: The Case of Haitian Creole, French, and Fongbe. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 2020: 218–252.
^ Bonenfant, Jacques L. History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language (PDF). Review of Higher Education and Self-Learning. 2011, 3 (11). （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於23 March 2015）.
^ Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie. Far from the Sun. The Story of French. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2008: 97 [1st pub. 2006]. ISBN 978-0-312-34184-8. LCCN 2006049348. OCLC 219563658. There are more speakers of French-based Creoles than all other Creoles combined (including English), thanks mostly to Haiti, the biggest Creole-speaking nation in the world...

延伸閱讀

Degraff, Michel, Morphology in Creole genesis: Linguistics and ideology, Kenstowicz, Michael (編), Ken Hale: A life in language, Cambridge: MIT Press: 52–121, 2001
Degraff, Michel, Linguists' Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Creole Exceptionalism, Language in Society, 2005, 34 (4): 533–591
Fattier, Dominique, Contribution à l'étude de la genèse d'un créole: L'Atlas linguistique d'Haïti, cartes et commentaires (Dissertation), Language in Society (Université de Provence), 1998

外部連結

Haitain Creole materials from the Institute of Haitian Studies at the University of Kansas （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） - Complete pdf versions of books created by Bryant C. Freeman, PhD, as well as the accompanying mp3 audio supplements.
HMBC - A website entirely in Haitian creole
Ann pale kreyòl （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） - "Let's speak creole"（Haitian Creole complete course）

[NE100-1] Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin

[Dufour-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Dufour, Fritz (編). Exploring the Possibilities for the Emergence of a Single and Global Native Language. Language Arts & Disciplines: 4. 2017 [11 October 2020].

[3] Cérémonie de lancement d'un partenariat entre le Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Formation Professionnelle et l'Académie Créole. Port‑au‑Prince, Haiti: Government of the Republic of Haiti. 8 July 2015 [5 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於28 July 2015）（法語及海地克里奧爾語）.

[Glottolog-4] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Haitian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[Faraclas2012-5] Faraclas, Nicholas; Spears, Arthur K.; Barrows, Elizabeth; Piñeiro, Mayra Cortes. II. Structure and Use §[[:Template:Nnbsp]]4. Orthography. Spears, Arthur K.; Joseph, Carole M. Berotte (編). The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. 2012: 100 [1st pub. 2010]. ISBN 978-0-7391-7221-6. LCCN 2010015856. OCLC 838418590. 網址－維基內鏈衝突 (幫助)

[Valdman2002-6] Valdman, Albert. Creole: The National Language of Haiti. Footsteps. 2002, 2 (4): 36–39. （原始內容存檔於13 July 2015）.

[DeGraff2015-7] DeGraff, Michel; Ruggles, Molly. A Creole Solution for Haiti's Woes. The New York Times: A17. 1 August 2014. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始內容存檔於6 September 2015）. Under the 1987 Constitution, adopted after the overthrow of Jean‑Claude Duvalier’s dictatorship, [Haitian] Creole and French have been the two official languages, but most of the population speaks only Creole fluently.

[Léonidas1995-8] Léonidas, Jean-Robert. Prétendus Créolismes: Le Couteau dans l'Igname [So‑Called Creolisms: The Knife in the Yam]. Montréal: Editions du CIDIHCA. 1995. ISBN 978-2-920862-97-5. LCCN 95207252. OCLC 34851284. OL 3160860W （法語）.

[DeGraff2007-9] DeGraff, Michel. Kreyòl Ayisyen, or Haitian Creole ('Creole French') (PDF). Holm, John; Patrick, Peter L. (編). Comparative Creole Syntax: Parallel Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars. London: Battlebridge. 2007: 101–102. ISBN 978-1-903292-01-3. OCLC 192098910. OL 12266293M. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於31 July 2015）.

[:0-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Seguin, Luisa. Transparency and Language Contact: The Case of Haitian Creole, French, and Fongbe. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 2020: 218–252.

[Bonenfant2011-11] Bonenfant, Jacques L. History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language (PDF). Review of Higher Education and Self-Learning. 2011, 3 (11). （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於23 March 2015）.

[NadeauBarlow2008-12] Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie. Far from the Sun. The Story of French. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2008: 97 [1st pub. 2006]. ISBN 978-0-312-34184-8. LCCN 2006049348. OCLC 219563658. There are more speakers of French-based Creoles than all other Creoles combined (including English), thanks mostly to Haiti, the biggest Creole-speaking nation in the world...

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]