羅馬共和國的危機

羅馬共和國的危機是指從公元前134年到公元前44年的一段較長時期的政治不穩定和社會動亂，最終以羅馬共和國的滅亡和羅馬帝國的出現而告終。

幾十年來，這場危機的原因和屬性發生了變化，包括奴隸制、強盜、內外戰爭、土地改革、新刑罰的發明、^[1]羅馬公民身份的擴大，甚至是羅馬軍隊。^[2]

現代學者對危機的性質也存在分歧。傳統上，撒路斯提烏斯、吉本和他們學校的其他人對公民身份的擴張（包括所有的權利、特權和義務）持否定態度，因為它引起了內部糾紛、與羅馬的意大利盟友的爭端、奴隸起義和暴動^[3]，其他學者則認為，由於共和國的本意是公共的——人民的根本所在——窮人和被剝奪公民權利的人不能因為試圖糾正他們合法和合法的不滿而受到指責。^[3]

參考資料

^ The root of excruciating means from crucifixion. See Fields, p. 79.
^ Fields, pp. 8, 18–25, 35–37.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Fields, p. 41, citing Sallust, Iugurthinum 86.2.

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Dupont, Florence. Daily life in ancient Rome. 由Woodall, Christopher翻譯. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 1993. ISBN 0-631-17877-5. OCLC 25788455.
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Flower, Harriet I. (編). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 2nd. 2014 [2004]. ISBN 978-1-107-66942-0.
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Meier, Christian. Caesar: a biography. David McLintock. New York: BasicBooks/HarperCollins. 1995 [2021-07-18]. ISBN 0-465-00894-1. OCLC 33246109. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-12）.
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Seager, Robin (編). The crisis of the Roman republic : studies in political and social history. Cambridge: Heffer. 1969. ISBN 0-85270-024-5. OCLC 28921.
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Syme, Ronald. The provincial at Rome : and, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14. Anthony Birley. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. 1999 [1939]. ISBN 0-85989-632-3. OCLC 59407034.
Wiseman, T. P. Remembering the Roman people : essays on late-Republican politics and literature. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-156750-6. OCLC 328101074.

外部連結

Rome:crisis of the State from Washington State University website^{[永久失效連結]}
Sallust的作品 - 古騰堡計劃 (Schmitz and Zumpt, 1848): Bellum Iugurthinum

[1] The root of excruciating means from crucifixion. See Fields, p. 79.

[2] Fields, pp. 8, 18–25, 35–37.

[Accused-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Fields, p. 41, citing Sallust, Iugurthinum 86.2.

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