震積岩
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震積岩（英語：Seismites）是因地震而變形的沉積結構。德國古生物學家阿道夫·塞拉赫於1969年首次使用此詞來描述地震變形層。現今，此詞用於沉積層和由震動形成的軟沉積物變形結構，包括超出層內的結構例碎屑岩脈或砂火山[1][2]。
在野外現場觀察時，請務必小心，避免與相似的非地震擾動沉積結構混肴[3][4][5]。區分震積岩與其他軟沉積物變形的特徵已有報導[6][7][8] [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]。但正式的、標準化的系統尚未開發出來。
地質學家利用震積岩與其他證據，研究一個地區的地震歷史。如果能確定地震的年齡和分佈，則可以評估地震災害風險 [16] [17][18][19]。
參考文獻
編輯- ^ Seilacher, A., 1984, Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismic events, Marine Geology, 55, p. 1-12
- ^ Van Loon, A.J., 2014, The life cycle of seismite research, Geologos v. 20, p. 61-66
- ^ Owen, G.; Moretti, M., 2011, Identifying triggers for liquefaction-induced soft-sediment deformation structures in the Acequion River valley, Central Precordillera, Argentina, Geology, v. 235, p. 141-147
- ^ Moretti, M; Van Loon, A.J, 2014, Restrictions to application of 'diagnostic' criteria for recognizing ancient seismites, Journal of Palaeogeography, v. 3, p. 162-173
- ^ Sims, J.D., 1975, Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments, Tectonophysics, v. 29, p. 141-152
- ^ Seilacher, A., 1969, Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites, Sedimentology, 13, p. 15-159
- ^ Mills, P.C., 1983, Genesis and diagnostic value of soft-sediment deformation structures – a review, Sedimentary Geology, 35, p. 83-104
- ^ Groshong, R.H., 1988, Low-temperature deformation mechanism and their interpretation, GSA Bulletin, 100, p. 1329-1360
- ^ Allen, C.R., 1975, Geological criteria for evaluating seismicity, GSA Bulletin, 86, p. 1041-1057
- ^ Guiraud and Plaziet, 1993
- ^ Obermeier, S.F., 1996b, Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis – an overview of how seismic liquefaction features can be distinguished from other features and how their regional distribution and properties of source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleo-earthquakes, Engineering Geology, 44, p. 1-46
- ^ Greb, S.F.; Ettensohn, F.R.; Obermeier, S.F., 2002, Developing a classification scheme for seismites, GSA North-central & Southeastern Section Annual Meeting Abstracts with Programs
- ^ Wheeler, R.L., 2002, Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft-sediment structures: Criteria from seismic-hazard analysis, in Ettensohn, F.R.; Rast, N.; Brett, C.E. (editors), Ancient Seismites, GSA Special Paper, 359, p. 1-11
- ^ Obermeier, S.F.; Olson, S.M.; Green, R.A., 2005, Field occurrences of liquefaction-induced features: a primer for engineering geologic analysis of paleoseismic shaking, Engineering Geology, 76, p. 209-234
- ^ Montenat, C.; Barrier, P.; d'Estevou, P.O.; Hibsch, C., 2007, Seismites: An attempt at critical analysis and classification, Sedimentary Geology, 196, p. 5-30
- ^ Jewell and Ettensohn, 2004, An ancient seismite response to Taconian far-field forces: the Cane Run Bed, Upper Ordovician (Trenton) Lexington Limestone, Central Kentucky (USA)
- ^ Bachmann, G.H., Aref, M.A.M., 2005, A seismite in Triassic gypsum deposits (Grabfeld Formation, Ladinian), southwestern Germany, Sedimentary Geology, 180, p. 75–89, doi = 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.04.006
- ^ Jewell, H.E., Ettensohn, F.R., 2004, An ancient seismite response to Taconian far-field forces: the Cane Run Bed, Upper Ordovician (Trenton) Lexington Limestone, Central Kentucky (USA), Journal of Geodynamics, 37, p. 487–511, doi = 10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.017
- ^ Merriam, D.F., Neuhauser, K.R., 2009, Seismite Indicates Pleistocene Earthquake Activity in Ellis County, Kansas, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 112, p. 109–112, doi = 10.1660/062.112.0214