鷹嘴殼菜蛤

鷹嘴殼菜蛤
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
綱：	雙殼綱 Bivalvia
目：	貽貝目 Mytiloida
科：	殼菜蛤科 Mytilidae
屬：	鷹嘴殼菜蛤屬 Ischadium; Jukes-Browne, 1905
種：	鷹嘴殼菜蛤 I. recurvum
二名法
	Ischadium recurvum; (Rafinesque, 1820)

鷹嘴殼菜蛤屬（學名：Ischadium）是貽貝科下的單型屬，屬下只有鷹嘴殼菜蛤（Ischadium recurvum）一種。^[1]鷹嘴殼菜蛤分佈於北美洲大西洋沿岸，從鱈魚角延伸至西印度群島。^[1]鷹嘴殼菜蛤通常生長在美洲牡蠣（學名：Crassostrea virginica）的殼上。鷹嘴殼菜蛤棲息在潮下帶，或在裸露的牡蠣可在冬季存活的、切薩皮克灣以南的潮間帶。^[2]它們也會附着在其他堅硬的基底上，如人工魚礁^[3]或死亡的半鹹水蛤蜊河口馬珂蛤（英語：Rangia cuneata）（學名：Rangia cuneata）的殼上。^[4]

捕食

鷹嘴殼菜蛤主要通過氣味發現捕食者，其中包括捕食者自身的氣味及周圍死亡貝類的氣味。鷹嘴殼菜蛤的天敵之一為藍蟹（學名：Callinectes sapidus）。鷹嘴殼菜蛤是富含營養物質的優質獵物。相較於其他貽貝如側肌蛤（英語：Musculus lateralis）（學名：Musculus lateralis，尚無權威譯名），鷹嘴殼菜蛤在季節變化中能始終保持豐富的粗蛋白質、脂質和微量元素，以及較高的總能量。此外，鷹嘴殼菜蛤還含有更多的鎂、鐵、鋅、銅和錳。^[5]

避免被捕食的策略

鷹嘴殼菜蛤通過構建更堅硬的殼來保護自己。殼的強度隨着貽貝長度的增加而增強。^[6]結群的貽貝比單個個體更容易存活，因為在群體中，捕食者更難觸及它們，也更難從群體中分離它們。貽貝利用足絲（英語：Byssus）來抵禦捕食者。足絲是能將它們固着於其他基底上的纖維束。足絲越多，貽貝越難被移除。較大的貽貝能分泌出更多足絲，而較小的貽貝雖然將更多能量用於生成足絲，但由於體型和表面積較小，往往成為藍蟹等捕食者的目標。^[7]

棲息地

鷹嘴殼菜蛤生長在美洲牡蠣礁上，這些牡蠣礁分佈於墨西哥灣沿岸，特別是河口附近。^[7]鷹嘴殼菜蛤偏好在低鹽度環境中覓食。隨着鹽度增加，濾水率，有機物攝食率和同化率都會降低。高鹽度環境會對這種雙殼類動物造成壓力，影響其進食效率。^[8]鷹嘴殼菜蛤的存活與牡蠣床密切相關。在切薩皮克灣等地，疾病和過度捕撈導致牡蠣數量下降，從而導致鷹嘴殼菜蛤的數量減少。儘管鷹嘴殼菜蛤可以附着在其他堅硬基底上，但牡蠣數量的減少也會導致沉積物比率增加，從而減少鷹嘴殼菜蛤的可用基底。^[9]這使鷹嘴殼菜蛤的數量極易受牡蠣數量的影響。

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Abbott RT, Morris PA. A field guide to shells : Atlantic and Gulf coasts and the West Indies 4th. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1995: 17. ISBN 978-0-395-69779-5.
^ Bahr LM, Lanier WP. The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic coast: A community profile. (PDF). Program FWS/OBS/-81/15. US Fish Wildlife Service. 1981 [2023-07-04]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-07-05）.
^ Lipcius RN, Burke RP. Abundance, biomass and size structure of eastern oyster and hooked mussel on a modular artificial reef in the Rappahannock River, Chesapeake Bay. (PDF). Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 390. (報告) (Gloucester Point, Va: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary). 2006 [2023-07-04]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-07-01）.
^ Poirrier MA, Spalding EA, Franze CD. Lessons learned from a decade of assessment and restoration studies of benthic invertebrates and submersed aquatic vegetation in Lake Pontchartrain.. Journal of Coastal Research. 2009, SI54: 88–100. S2CID 129390976. doi:10.2112/SI54-005.1.
^ Harding E. Investigating the Effects of Predator and Injured Conspecific Effluent on Byssal Thread Production in the Hooked Mussel, Ischadium recurvum (Masters論文). University of West Georgia: 43. 2020 –透過Proquest.
^ Wells-Berlin AM, Perry MC, Kohn RA, Paynter KT, Ottinger MA. Composition, Shell Strength, and Metabolizable Energy of Mulinia lateralis and Ischadium recurvum as Food for Wintering Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata). PLOS ONE. 2015-05-15, 10 (5): e0119839. PMC 4433283  . PMID 25978636. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119839  .
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Cyrana M. Inducible Morphological Defenses in Hooked Mussels, Ischadium recurvum: Response to Native and Non-native Crab Predators (Masters論文). Hood College. 2014 –透過Proquest.
^ Galimany E, Lunt J, Domingos A, Paul VJ. Feeding Behavior of the Native Mussel Ischadium recurvum and the Invasive Mussels Mytella charruana and Perna viridis in FL, USA, Across a Salinity Gradient. Estuaries and Coasts. 2018-12-01, 41 (8): 2378–2388. ISSN 1559-2731. S2CID 91709968. doi:10.1007/s12237-018-0431-6 （英語）.
^ Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Lewis EJ, Trout JM, Farley CA. Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the Chesapeake Bay. Parasitology Research. July 1999, 85 (7): 518–21. PMID 10382600. S2CID 32165658. doi:10.1007/s004360050590.

巫文隆. 拉漢/漢拉世界海貝名典初版. 基隆: 水產出版社. 1999: 176. ISBN 957-8596-52-9.

外部連結

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：鷹嘴殼菜蛤

[Abbott_19952-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Abbott RT, Morris PA. A field guide to shells : Atlantic and Gulf coasts and the West Indies 4th. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1995: 17. ISBN 978-0-395-69779-5.

[2] Bahr LM, Lanier WP. The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic coast: A community profile. (PDF). Program FWS/OBS/-81/15. US Fish Wildlife Service. 1981 [2023-07-04]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-07-05）.

[3] Lipcius RN, Burke RP. Abundance, biomass and size structure of eastern oyster and hooked mussel on a modular artificial reef in the Rappahannock River, Chesapeake Bay. (PDF). Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 390. (報告) (Gloucester Point, Va: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary). 2006 [2023-07-04]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-07-01）.

[4] Poirrier MA, Spalding EA, Franze CD. Lessons learned from a decade of assessment and restoration studies of benthic invertebrates and submersed aquatic vegetation in Lake Pontchartrain.. Journal of Coastal Research. 2009, SI54: 88–100. S2CID 129390976. doi:10.2112/SI54-005.1.

[5] Harding E. Investigating the Effects of Predator and Injured Conspecific Effluent on Byssal Thread Production in the Hooked Mussel, Ischadium recurvum (Masters論文). University of West Georgia: 43. 2020 –透過Proquest.

[6] Wells-Berlin AM, Perry MC, Kohn RA, Paynter KT, Ottinger MA. Composition, Shell Strength, and Metabolizable Energy of Mulinia lateralis and Ischadium recurvum as Food for Wintering Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata). PLOS ONE. 2015-05-15, 10 (5): e0119839. PMC 4433283  . PMID 25978636. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119839  .

[:02-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Cyrana M. Inducible Morphological Defenses in Hooked Mussels, Ischadium recurvum: Response to Native and Non-native Crab Predators (Masters論文). Hood College. 2014 –透過Proquest.

[8] Galimany E, Lunt J, Domingos A, Paul VJ. Feeding Behavior of the Native Mussel Ischadium recurvum and the Invasive Mussels Mytella charruana and Perna viridis in FL, USA, Across a Salinity Gradient. Estuaries and Coasts. 2018-12-01, 41 (8): 2378–2388. ISSN 1559-2731. S2CID 91709968. doi:10.1007/s12237-018-0431-6 （英語）.

[9] Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Lewis EJ, Trout JM, Farley CA. Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the Chesapeake Bay. Parasitology Research. July 1999, 85 (7): 518–21. PMID 10382600. S2CID 32165658. doi:10.1007/s004360050590.

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