用戶:Heihaheihaha/頦孔

頦孔
頦孔
	「人類下顎外側面觀（左側可見頦孔）
基本資訊
屬於	Mandible
標識字符
拉丁文	foramen mentale
	《骨骼解剖學術語（英語：Anatomical terms of bone）》 [在維基數據上編輯]

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頦孔是人類下頜第二前磨牙根下方的兩個對稱孔道（開口），內有頦血管和下牙槽神經的分支通過。

結構

The mental foramen is located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It is directly below the commisure of the lips, and the tendon of depressor labii inferioris muscle.^[1] It is at the end of the mandibular canal, which begins at the mandibular foramen on the posterior surface of the mandible. It transmits the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve (the mental nerve),^[1] the mental artery, and the mental vein.

變異

The mental foramen descends slightly in toothless individuals.^[2]

The mental foramen is in line with the longitudinal axis of the 2nd premolar in 63% of people.^[3] It generally lies at the level of the vestibular fornix and about a finger's breadth above the inferior border of the mandible.

In the general population, 17% of mandibles have an additional mental foramen or foramina on at least one side,^[3] while 4% of the mandibles show multiple mental foramina on both sides. Most are unequal in size, often with a single large foramen while any others are smaller.^[3] An incisive mental foramen is observed in 1% of the side of the mandible.^[3]

臨床意義

The mental nerve may be anaesthetized as it leaves the mental foramen.^[1] This causes loss of sensation to the lower lip and chin on the same side.^[1]

其它圖像

Side view of the skull.
The skull from the front.
Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion.
Mandibular division of the trifacial nerve.
The permanent teeth, viewed from the right.

參考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Doherty, Tom; Schumacher, James. 15 - Dental restraint and anesthesia. Equine Dentistry 3rd. Saunders. 2011: 241–244. ISBN 978-0-7020-2980-6. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-2980-6.00015-5.
^ Soikkonen K, Wolf J, Ainamo A, Xie Q. Changes in the position of the mental foramen as a result of alveolar atrophy. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. November 1995, 22 (11): 831–3. PMID 8558356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1995.tb00230.x.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Jaffar, A. A.; Al-Zubaidi, A. F.; Al-Salihi, A. R. Anatomical features of clinical significance in dry mandibles.. Iraqi Dental Journal. 2002, 29: 99–118. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-29）.

外部連結

Diagram at uni-mainz.de

[:1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Doherty, Tom; Schumacher, James. 15 - Dental restraint and anesthesia. Equine Dentistry 3rd. Saunders. 2011: 241–244. ISBN 978-0-7020-2980-6. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-2980-6.00015-5.

[2] Soikkonen K, Wolf J, Ainamo A, Xie Q. Changes in the position of the mental foramen as a result of alveolar atrophy. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. November 1995, 22 (11): 831–3. PMID 8558356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1995.tb00230.x.

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Jaffar, A. A.; Al-Zubaidi, A. F.; Al-Salihi, A. R. Anatomical features of clinical significance in dry mandibles.. Iraqi Dental Journal. 2002, 29: 99–118. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-29）.

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