用戶:Kivary/在越朝鮮人
| 在越朝鮮人 | |
|---|---|
| 分佈地區 | |
| 胡志明市[1] | |
| 語言 | |
| 韓語 | |
| 相關族群 | |
| 海外韓僑 |
在越朝鮮人是指一群在越南居住的朝鮮人，他們最初只是一群在越的少數族裔，多為為越戰的兩邊（北越和南越）打仗[2]。在越戰完結以後，有少數的朝鮮人到越南定居及旅遊，而在韓國經濟快速成長、朝鮮飢荒導致大量韓國投資者及脫北者湧入以及不少韓國男性與越南女性建立婚姻等明朗因素底下[3][4]，直至2009年，在越朝鮮人已是東南亞第二大的海外韓僑社群，僅次於菲律賓的海外韓僑社群。此外，他們也是全球第十大的海外韓僑社群[5]。
越戰
編輯
儘管南韓的陸軍兵力較為強大，在越戰期間北韓跟南韓也分別運輸一些必需品及人力給他們相同政治慨念的盟友。當時的南韓總統李承晚早在1954年已提議出兵到越南，卻被美國國務院拒絕；而在十年後，南韓排出的第一批人員（10名跆拳道教練、34名官員及96名教護人員）就有關事項到達越南[6]。在1965年至1973年期間，總計有312,853名南韓士兵參與越戰；越南有關部門估計他們殺死了約41,400 名北越士兵及5.000名平民[2]。 South Korean troops were hampered by their lack of command of any of the major languages in the country or among their allies. They were also accused of war atrocities, and are known to have left between eight and fifteen thousand orphans of mixed Korean and Vietnamese descent.[7]
As a result of a decision of the Korean Workers' Party in October 1966, in early 1967, North Korea sent a fighter squadron to North Vietnam to back up the North Vietnamese 921st and 923rd fighter squadrons defending Hanoi. They stayed through 1968, and 200 pilots were reported to have served.[8] In addition, at least two anti-aircraft artillery regiments were sent as well. North Korea also sent weapons, ammunition and two million sets of uniforms to their comrades in North Vietnam.[9] Kim Il Sung is reported to have told his pilots to "fight in the war as if the Vietnamese sky were their own".[10][11][12]
In 2003, readers of South Korean newspaper Hankyoreh, which ran a series of articles exposing atrocities committed by South Korean troops during the war, donated over US$100,000 to set up a memorial park and peace museum in Phu Yen Province.[13] Former South Korean soldiers such as Ahn Jung-hyo and Hwang Suk-young have also written novels about their experiences in Vietnam.[7]
戰後遷徙
編輯南韓投資者
編輯Four years after the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic ties, South Korea was already annually conducting $1.3 billion of trade with Vietnam, making them Vietnam's third-largest trading partner; they were also the fourth-largest foreign investor after Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong, having put $1.987 billion into Vietnam.[3] The pace of their investment roughly doubled over the next ten years; in the first five months of 2006, new South Korean investment in Vietnam totalled to around $400 million, and roughly one thousand Korean companies had operations in the country.[14]
Following along with the investment dollars, the South Korean expatriate community in Vietnam has grown significantly. According to Chang Keun Lee of the Korean Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Vietnam, Koreans formed the country's second-largest group of expatriates, with only the Taiwan expatriate community being larger; he estimated that half lived in Ho Chi Minh City.[14] Statistics from South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade show that their population has grown by nearly fifty times in little more than a decade. Their population more than trebled from 1,788 in 1997 to 6,226 in 2003, then jumped to more than thirteen times that size—84,566—by just six years later.[5][1] The country's first school for South Korean nationals, the weekend Hanoi Hangul School, was founded on 1 March, 1996, enrolling 122 students at the kindergarten through middle school levels); two Korean day schools were also later established, one in Ho Chi Minh City (founded 4 August, 1998, enrolling 745 students at the kindergarten through high school levels), and a smaller one in Hanoi (founded 13 July, 2006, with 63 elementary-level students).[15][16][17]
脫北者
編輯由於越南山少的地形，在2004年以前，數以千計的脫北者跨越越南北部的邊界尋找前往韓國的路線，因此越南被描述為脫北者的「首選東南亞逃走路線」。 Though Vietnam remains an officially communist country and maintains diplomatic relations with North Korea, growing South Korean investment in Vietnam has prompted Hanoi to quietly permit the transit of North Korean refugees to Seoul. The increased South Korean presence in the country also proved a magnet for defectors; four of the biggest defector safehouses in Vietnam were run by South Korean expatriates, and many defectors indicated that they chose to try to cross the border from China into Vietnam precisely because they had heard about such safehouses.[4] In July 2004, 468 North Korean refugees were airlifted to South Korea in the single largest mass defection; Vietnam initially tried to keep their role in the airlift secret, and in advance of the deal, even anonymous sources in the South Korean government would only tell reporters that the defectors came from "an unidentified Asian country".[18] Following the airlift, Vietnam would tighten up border controls and deport several safe-house operators.[4]
國際聯姻
編輯Many South Korean men come to Vietnam seeking to find wives, as customers of the two to three thousand South Korean marriage agencies which specialise in making such matches. Though in the 1990s, most were farmers, an increasing number of urban men have also resorted to arranging marriages through international matchmaking agencies; they cite the difficulty faced by uneducated men or those with low incomes in attracting South Korean women to marry them.[19] As of 2006, as many as 5,000 Vietnamese brides left with new South Korean husbands every year.[14]
參見條目
編輯參考資料
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 재외동포현황 - 아시아 (Status of overseas compatriots - Asia), Overseas Korean Foundation, 2005 [2008-09-10]
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Ku, Su-Jeong, The secret tragedy of Vietnam, The Hankyoreh, 1999-09-02 [2007-03-27]
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Balfour, Frederik, Vietnam a Strategic Choice, International Herald Tribune, 1996-09-16 [2007-03-27]
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Perilous Journeys; The Plight of North Koreans in China and Beyond (PDF), The Nautilus Institute, 2006-10-26 [2007-03-27]
- ^ 5.0 5.1 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
MOFAT的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Larsen, Stanley Robert; Collins, James Lawton Jr., Vietnam Studies: Allied Participation in Vietnam ([失效連結] – Scholar search), Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1975 [2007-03-27]
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Kagan, Richard C., Disarming Memories: Japanese, Korean, and American Literature on the Vietnam War, Critical Asian Studies, 2000, 32 (4) [2008-12-02] 已忽略未知參數
|month=（建議使用|date=） (幫助) - ^ Bennett, Richard M., Missiles and madness, Asia Times, 2006-08-18 [2007-03-27]
- ^ Pribbenow, Merle, The 'Ology War: technology and ideology in the defense of Hanoi, 1967, Journal of Military History, 2003, 67 (1): 183
- ^ Gluck, Caroline, N Korea admits Vietnam war role, BBC News, 2001-07-27 [2007-03-27]
- ^ North Korea fought in Vietnam War, BBC News, 2000-03-31 [2007-03-27]
- ^ North Korea honours Vietnam war dead, BBC News, 2001-07-12 [2006-10-19]
- ^ Arthurs, Clare, South Koreans atone for Vietnam War, BBC News, 2003-01-21 [2007-03-27]
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Kelly, Tim, Ho Chi Minh Money Trail, Forbes, 2006-09-18 [2007-03-27]
- ^ Overseas Korean Educational Institutions: 하노이한글학교. National Institute for International Education Development, Republic of Korea. 2007 [2007-05-15].
- ^ 호치민시한국학교, Overseas Korean Educational Institutions ([失效連結] – [http://scholar.google.co.uk/
olar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AOverseas+Korean+Educational+Institutions&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]), Republic of Korea: National Institute for International Education Development, 2007 [2007-05-15] 參數
|format=值左起第223位存在換行符 (幫助) - ^ 하노이한국학교, Overseas Korean Educational Institutions ([失效連結] – Scholar search), Republic of Korea: National Institute for International Education Development, 2007 [2007-05-15]
- ^ Hundreds of North Koreans to enter South, reports say, Associated Press, 2004-07-23 [2007-03-27]
- ^ Onishi, Norimitsu, Marriage brokers in Vietnam cater to S. Korean bachelors, International Herald Tribune, 2007-02-21 [2007-03-27]