法语动词变位
法语动词变位(法语:Conjugaison du verbe en français),是指法语动词为了表达不同的语式、时态、体、人称和数而产生的形式变化。法语动词可以分为三组:
- 第一组:不定式以-er(aller除外)
- 第二组:不定式以-ir结尾,现在分词以-issant结尾
(以上两组为规则动词)
- 第三组:不规则动词
- 第一部分:不定式以-ir结尾,现在分词以-ant结尾
- 第二部分:不定式以-oir结尾
- 第三部分:不定式以-re结尾
- aller
法语第三组动词具有封闭性,不再增加新的动词,大部分新增动词(如téléviser, atomiser, radiographier)列入第一组,少数新增动词(如alunir)属于第二组。
语气和时态
编辑法语变位中七种不同语气:直陈式(indicatif),虚拟式(subjonctif),条件式(conditionnel),命令式(impératif),分词(participe),不定式(infinitif),动名词(gérondif)。
需要结合语气描述的时态如下所示,时态有时需要借助助动词来表达:
- 直陈式
- 虚拟式
- 命令式
- 条件式
- 不定式
- 现在时[a]
- 过去时:使用依不定式现在时变位的助动词。
- 分词
- 动名词:将现在分词置于介系词"en"之后构成。
助动词
编辑Avoir
编辑该动词在变位时词干会发生变化。未完成过去时变为av- /av/;虚拟式现在时变为ai- /ɛ/;将来时和条件式变为aur- /oʁ/;简单和虚拟式过去时变为e- (不发音: eus,eusse分别读成/y/和/ys/)。 尽管词干会改变,但这些时态的变化也常被归类为规则的 -oir 动词.
在现在时中,不仅词干会变化,时态变化也是不规则的:
直陈式 | 虚拟 | 条件式 | 命令式 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
现在时 | 简单过去时 | 未完成过去时 | 简单将来时 | 现在时 | 未完成过去时 | 现在时 | 现在时 | |
j' | ai /e/ | eus /y/ | avais /avɛ/ | aurai /oʁe/ | aie /ɛ/ | eusse /ys/ | aurais /oʁɛ/ | |
tu | as /a/ | auras /oʁa/ | aies /ɛ/ | eusses /ys/ | aie* /ɛ/ | |||
il/elle/on | a /a/ | eut /y/ | avait /avɛ/ | aura /oʁa/ | ait /ɛ/ | eût /y/ | aurait /oʁɛ/ | |
nous | avons /avɔ̃/ | eûmes /ym/ | avions /avjɔ̃/ | aurons /oʁɔ̃/ | ayons /ɛjɔ̃/ | eussions /ysjɔ̃/ | aurions /oʁjɔ̃/ | ayons* /ɛjɔ̃/ |
vous | avez /ave/ | eûtes /yt/ | aviez /avje/ | aurez /oʁe/ | ayez /ɛje/ | eussiez /ysje/ | auriez /oʁje/ | ayez* /ɛje/ |
ils/elles | ont /ɔ̃/ | eurent /yʁ/ | avaient /avɛ/ | auront /oʁɔ̃/ | aient /ɛ/ | eussent /ys/ | auraient /oʁɛ/ |
* 须注意命令式使用虚拟语气变位。
非限定形式:
- 不定式:avoir /avwaʁ/
- 现在分词:ayant /ejɑ̃/
- 动名词:en ayant /ɑ̃n‿ejɑ̃/
- 动词性形容词:ayant(s) /ejɑ̃/, ayante(s) /ejɑ̃t/
- 过去分词:eu(e)(s) /y/
助动词:avoir
Être
编辑该动词在变位时词干会发生变化,读音也有所不同:未完成过去时变为ét- /et/;虚拟式现在时变为soi- /swa/;将来时和条件式变为ser- /səʁ/;简单和虚拟式过去时变为/f/。涉及时态变化的均为-oir词尾的常规动词(也就是说是-re形式动词,但在f-形式下带有元音u /y/)。例如,虚拟式soyons, soyez发音时带有其他-re和-oir动词的y音(/swajɔ̃, swaje/)。
在一般现在时中,不仅词干变化,词缀也会发生不规则变化:
直陈式 | 虚拟式 | 条件式 | 命令式 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
'现在时 | 简单过去式 | 未完成过去时 | 简单将来时 | 现在时 | 未完成过去时 | 现在时 | 现在时 | |
je | suis /sɥi/ | fus /fy/ | étais /etɛ/ | serai /səʁe/ | sois /swa/ | fusse /fys/ | serais /səʁɛ/ | |
tu | es /ɛ/ | seras /səʁa/ | fusses /fys/ | sois* /swa/ | ||||
il/elle/on | est /ɛ/ | fut /fy/ | était /etɛ/ | sera /səʁa/ | soit /swa/ | fût /fy/ | serait /səʁɛ/ | |
nous | sommes /sɔm/ | fûmes /fym/ | étions /etjɔ̃/ | serons /səʁɔ̃/ | soyons /swajɔ̃/ | fussions /fysjɔ̃/ | serions /səʁjɔ̃/ | soyons* /swajɔ̃/ |
vous | êtes /ɛt/ | fûtes /fyt/ | étiez /etje/ | serez /səʁe/ | soyez /swaje/ | fussiez /fysje/ | seriez /səʁje/ | soyez* /swaje/ |
ils/elles | sont /sɔ̃/ | furent /fyʁ/ | étaient /etɛ/ | seront /səʁɔ̃/ | soient /swa/ | fussent /fys/ | seraient /səʁɛ/ |
* 须注意命令式使用虚拟语气变位。
非限定形式使用词干êt-/ɛt/(用在辅音之前)/ét- /et/(用在元音之前):
- 不定式:être
- 现在分词:étant
- 动名词:en étant
- 动词性形容词:étant(e)(s)
- 过去分词:été
助动词:avoir
第一组动词 (以 -er 结尾的动词)
编辑以-er结尾的法语动词占据法语动词的大部分,并与其他动词变位有所区别。许多情况下在词根与屈折词缀中间可能会插入母音,此组动词中会插入不发音的 -e- (简单现在时单数)、-é 或 -ai /e/ (过去分词与简单过去时的je)、以及 -a- /a/ (其余过去简单时以及虚拟式未完成过去时)。此外,正字法中-ir 与 -re 结尾动词在现在时和过去分词出现的-t 在此类动词中不存在,因此词缀的最后子音为 -Ø, -s, -Ø ,而非其他类动词的 -s, -s, -t。
Parler
编辑直陈式 | 虚拟式 | 条件式 | 命令式 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
现在时 | 简单过去时 | 未完成过去时 | 简单未来时 | 现在时 | 未完成过去时 | 现在时 | 现在时 | |
je | parl-e /paʁl/ |
parl-ai /paʁle/ |
parl-ais /paʁlɛ/ |
parl-erai /paʁləʁe/ |
parl-e /paʁl/ |
parl-asse /paʁlas/ |
parl-erais /paʁləʁɛ/ |
|
tu | parl-es /paʁl/ |
parl-as /paʁla/ |
parl-eras /paʁləʁa/ |
parl-es /paʁl/ |
parl-asses /paʁlas/ |
parl-e /paʁl/ | ||
il | parl-e /paʁl/ |
parl-a /paʁla/ |
parl-ait /paʁlɛ/ |
parl-era /paʁləʁa/ |
parl-e /paʁl/ |
parl-ât /paʁla/ |
parl-erait /paʁləʁɛ/ |
|
nous | parl-ons /paʁlɔ̃/ |
parl-âmes /paʁlɑm/ |
parl-ions /paʁljɔ̃/ |
parl-erons /paʁləʁɔ̃/ |
parl-ions /paʁljɔ̃/ |
parl-assions /paʁlasjɔ̃/ |
parl-erions /paʁləʁjɔ̃/ |
parl-ons /paʁlɔ̃/ |
vous | parl-ez /paʁle/ |
parl-âtes /paʁlɑt/ |
parl-iez /paʁlje/ |
parl-erez /paʁləʁe/ |
parl-iez /paʁlje/ |
parl-assiez /paʁlasje/ |
parl-eriez /paʁləʁje/ |
parl-ez /paʁle/ |
ils | parl-ent /paʁl/ |
parl-èrent /paʁlɛʁ/ |
parl-aient /paʁlɛ/ |
parl-eront /paʁləʁɔ̃/ |
parl-ent /paʁl/ |
parl-assent /paʁlas/ |
parl-eraient /paʁləʁɛ/ |
非限定动词形式:
- 不定式:parl-er /paʁle/
- 现在分词:parl-ant /paʁlɑ̃/
- 动名词: en parl-ant /ɑ̃ paʁlɑ̃/
- 动词性形容词:parl-ant(s) /paʁlɑ̃/, parl-ante(s) /paʁlɑ̃t/
- 过去分词: parl-é(e)(s) /paʁle/
助动词:avoir (arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, 与 tomber 使用 être)
特殊情况:
- 直陈式或虚拟式第一人称单数一般现在时采用倒装形式时,其词尾的e须变成é(一般用法)或è(现代修正用法),连接两个词,例如:« Parlè-je ? »(/paʁlɛʒ/),“我可以讲话了吗?”(不过这个结构非常少见)。
- 命令式第二人称单数后跟宾语y或en饰,其词尾须加s,例如:« Parles-en ! »([paʁlzɑ̃]),“讲讲!”
特殊动词:
- 动词aller尽管以-er结尾,但属于第三组不规则动词。
- 以-cer结尾的动词,在a或o开头词尾前的c须变成ç,表示该词仍发/s/音(je déplace - nous déplaçons);类似地,以-ger结尾的动词,在类似的词尾前的g须变成ge,表示该词仍发/ʒ/音(je mange - nous mangeons)。
- 以-oyer和-uyer结尾的动词,在哑音e开头词尾前的y须变成i(nous envoyons - j'envoie);在-ayer结尾的动词中,类似词尾前的y可选择变成i(je paye - je paie)。另外,未来时和条件式的envoyer以enverr-开头,而不是envoyer-,类似于renvoyer。
- 以-é.er结尾的动词,哑音结尾前的é'变成è,未来时和条件式可变可不变。
- 其他大多数以-eler和-eter结尾的-e.er动词,哑音e开头词尾前的e变成è(含未来时和条件式结尾)。例如:peler(剥皮)-> je pèle(现在时)/ je pèlerai(未来时)/ je pèlerais(条件式)。
- 大多数以-eler和-eter结尾的动词,哑音e开头词尾前e变成è,或将l或t变成ll活tt。该形式的其他动词仅允许存在一种或其他形式。例如:appeler(呼唤)-> j'appelle(现在时) / j'appellerai(未来时) / j'appellerais(条件式)。
- 下列动词的形容词形式的变化不规则:adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger, négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer - provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s)。
第二组动词 (以 -ir 结尾的动词 / 现在分词以 -issant 结尾)
编辑以-ir结尾动词与-er结尾动词有几处不同:
- 元音均变为-i,例如过去时虚拟式为-isse,而非-er结尾动词的-asse。
- 少数一般式动词本身都会产生变化,尽管该词完全是正字法,不会影响读音:在一般现在时和过去时中,这些词结尾变为-s、-s、-t,而非-
- A few of the singular inflections themselves change, though this is purely orthographic and does not affect the pronunciation: in the simple present and past, these are -s, -s, -t rather than -Ø, -s, -Ø. (The change in pronunciation is due to the change of vowel from e, ai, a to -i-.)
- In the simple present, imperfect, the present subjunctive, and the gerund, a suffix -iss- /is/ appears between the root and the inflectional endings. In the simple present singular, this suffix has disappeared and the endings are -is, -is, -it.
choisir
编辑直陈式 | 虚拟式 | 条件式 | 命令式 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
现在时 | 简单过去时 | 未完成过去时 | 简单未来时 | 现在时 | 未完成过去时 | 现在时 | 现在时 | |
je | chois-is /ʃwazi/ |
chois-issais /ʃwazisɛ/ |
chois-irai /ʃwaziʁe/ |
chois-isse /ʃwazis/ |
chois-irais /ʃwaziʁɛ/ |
|||
tu | chois-iras /ʃwaziʁa/ |
chois-isses /ʃwazis/ |
chois-is /ʃwazi/ | |||||
il | chois-it /ʃwazi/ |
chois-issait /ʃwazisɛ/ |
chois-ira /ʃwaziʁa/ |
chois-isse /ʃwazis/ |
chois-ît /ʃwazi/ |
chois-irait /ʃwaziʁɛ/ |
||
nous | chois-issons /ʃwazisɔ̃/ |
chois-îmes /ʃwazim/ |
chois-issions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/ |
chois-irons /ʃwaziʁɔ̃/ |
chois-issions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/ |
chois-irions /ʃwaziʁjɔ̃/ |
chois-issons /ʃwazisɔ̃/ | |
vous | chois-issez /ʃwazise/ |
chois-îtes /ʃwazit/ |
chois-issiez /ʃwazisje/ |
chois-irez /ʃwaziʁe/ |
chois-issiez /ʃwazisje/ |
chois-iriez /ʃwaziʁje/ |
chois-issez /ʃwazise/ | |
ils | chois-issent /ʃwazis/ |
chois-irent /ʃwaziʁ/ |
chois-issaient /ʃwazisɛ/ |
chois-iront /ʃwaziʁɔ̃/ |
chois-issent /ʃwazis/ |
chois-iraient /ʃwaziʁɛ/ |
非限定动词形式:
- 不定式: chois-ir /ʃwaziʁ/
- 现在分词: chois-issant /ʃwazisɑ̃/
- 动名词: en chois-issant /ɑ̃ ʃwazisɑ̃/
- 动词性形容词: chois-issant(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃/, chois-issante(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃t/
- 过去分词: chois-i(e)(s) /ʃwazi/
助动词: avoir (用 partir 时助动词使用 être)
- haïr
动词 haïr 在现在简单时的单数形式中会失去分音符号 (i 去除了他的变音符号, 代表初始音节的发音是单个元音 /ɛ/ 而不是分开发音的 /ai/): 单数:je hais, tu hais, il/elle hait 复数:nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent /ʒə ɛ, ty ɛ, il ɛ, nu aisɔ̃, vu aise, il ais/. Hais 用于祈使句. 在其他形式中, 词根是 /ai/ (imperfect and present & past subjunctive /ais/-, future and conditional /aiʁ/-).
魁北克法語 使用另外一種變位規則。在魁北克法語中,在歐洲法語裡發音不同的兩種詞幹都發/ai/。因此所有形式都使用帶分音符的ï: J'haïs, tu haïs, il/elle haït, nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent. 請注意, 魁北克法語裡haïr的 h 是不發音的, 所以魁北克法語裡 Je 省略為 j'haïs /ʒai/ 而歐洲法語使用 je hais /ʒə.ɛ/.
第三组动词
编辑First sub-conjugation: Verbs with seven principal parts
编辑Most irregular French verbs can be described with seven principal parts. In reality, few if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part. Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for regular -ir verbs; in fact, regular -ir verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the -iss- variants as different principal parts.
Principal part | How to get the stem | "Inherited" (regular) value of stem |
---|---|---|
infinitive | Remove ending -er, -ir, -oir, -re | — |
First singular present indicative | Remove ending -s, -e | Infinitive stem |
First plural present indicative | Remove ending -ons | Infinitive stem |
Third plural present indicative | Remove ending -ent | First plural present stem |
(First singular) future | Remove ending -ai | Full infinitive stem (minus any -e) |
(Masculine singular) past participle | Full word | Infinitive stem, plus -i (plus -u if ends -re) |
(First singular) simple past | Remove ending -s, -ai | Past participle (minus any -s or -t) |
The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the singular) differently.
直陈式 | 虚拟式 | 条件式 | 命令式 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
现在时 | 简单过去时 | 未完成过去时 | 简单未来时 | 现在时 | 未完成过去时 | 现在时 | 现在时 | |
je | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+ai | 3P+e | PAST+sse | FUT+ais | |
tu | FUT+as | 3P+es | PAST+sses | (same as pres. indic. 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel, else 2nd. sg.) | ||||
il | 1S+t1 | PAST+t | 1P+ait | FUT+a | 3P+e | PAST+ˆt | FUT+ait | |
nous | 1P+ons | PAST+ˆmes | 1P+ions | FUT+ons | 1P+ions | PAST+ssions | FUT+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) |
vous | 1P+ez | PAST+ˆtes | 1P+iez | FUT+ez | 1P+iez | PAST+ssiez | FUT+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) |
ils | 3P+ent | PAST+rent | 1P+aient | FUT+ont | 3P+ent | PAST+ssent | FUT+aient |
1 The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
- Present participle: 1P-ant
- Gerundive: en 1P-ant
- Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
- Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
INF: Infinitive | Meaning | FUT: Future | Present Indicative | PP: Past Participle | PAST: Simple Past | Notes | Similar verbs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) | 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) | 3P: 3rd Plur | |||||||
chois-ir | "to choose" | choisir-ai | choisi-s | choisiss-ons | choisiss-ent | choisi | choisi-s | How a regular -ir verb would be represented by its principal parts | About 300 verbs in -ir |
"haïr" | "to hate" | haïr-ai | hai-s / haï-s1 | haïss-ons | haïss-ent | haï | haï-s | The same as a regular -ir verb but in Sing. pres. indic. the diaeresis drops out | |
vend-re | "to sell" | vendr-ai | vend-s, vend-s, vend2 | vend-ons | vend-ent | vendu | vendi-s | So-called "regular -re" verbs; all end in -dre, but not -indre | attendre "wait", défendre "defend", descendre "go down", entendre "hear", étendre "extend", fondre "melt", pendre "hang", perdre "lose", prétendre "pretend", rendre "return, give back", répandre "spill", répondre "respond", etc. |
craind-re | "to fear" | craindr-ai | crain-s | craign-ons | craign-ent | craint | craign-is | All verbs in -aindre, -eindre, -oindre, e.g. contraindre "compel", plaindre "complain"; atteindre "reach", ceindre "gird", empreindre "stamp", éteindre "turn off", étreindre "hug", feindre "pretend", geindre "whine", peindre "paint", restreindre "restrict", teindre "dye"; joindre "join", oindre "anoint", poindre "dawn", rejoindre "rejoin" | |
part-ir | "to leave" | partir-ai | par-s | part-ons | part-ent | parti | parti-s | Sing. pres. indic. stem drops last consonant of basic stem: je pars, dors, mens, sens, sers, sors /ʒ(ə) paʁ, dɔʁ, mɑ̃, sɔʁ, sɑ̃, sɛʁ/ | se départir "divest", repartir" "leave again", dormir "sleep", s'endormir "fall asleep", se rendormir "fall back asleep", mentir "lie (tell lies)", démentir "contradict", sentir "feel", consentir "agree", pressentir "foresee", ressentir "feel", servir "serve", desservir "clear away", resservir "serve again", sortir "go out", ressortir "come back" |
vêt-ir | "to dress" | vêtir-ai | vêt-s | vêt-ons | vêt-ent | vêtu | vêti-s | The same as partir, except for the past participle | dévêtir "undress", revêtir "cover" |
requér-ir | "to require, demand" | requerr-ai | requier-s | requér-ons | requièr-ent | requis | requi-s | ||
ouvr-ir | "to open" | ouvrir-ai | ouvr-e, ouvr-es, ouvr-e | ouvr-ons | ouvr-ent | ouvert | ouvri-s | Sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs | couvrir "cover", "découvrir" "discover", offrir "offer", souffrir "suffer" |
condui-re | "to lead" | conduir-ai | condui-s | conduis-ons | conduis-ent | conduit | conduisi-s | All verbs in -uire e.g. construire "build", cuire "cook", détruire "destroy", instruire "instruct", réduire "reduce", produire "produce", traduire "translate", etc. | |
recev-oir | "to receive" | recevr-ai | reçoi-s | recev-ons | reçoiv-ent | reçu | reçu-s | Other verbs in -cevoir, e.g. apercevoir "perceive", concevoir "conceive", décevoir "disappoint" | |
envoy-er | "to send" | enverr-ai | envoi-e3 | envoy-ons3 | envoi-ent3 | envoyé | envoy-ai | ||
voir | "to see" | verr-ai | voi-s | voy-ons | voi-ent3 | vu | vi-s | revoir "see again" | |
choir | "to fall" | choir-ai | choi-s | choy-ons | choi-ent3 | chu | chu-s | échoir "befall" | |
dev-oir | "to owe, must" | devr-ai | doi-s | dev-ons | doiv-ent | dû | du-s | Very similar to recevoir, but adds a circumflex to du to distinguish it from the partitive article du - due, dus and dues remain unchanged | |
mouv-oir | "to move" | mouvr-ai | meu-s | mouv-ons | meuv-ent | mû | mu-s | Adds a circumflex to mu to distinguish it from the Greek letter mu (μ) - mue, mus and mues remain unchanged | |
émouv-oir | "to move, affect" | émouvr-ai | émeu-s | émouv-ons | émeuv-ent | ému | ému-s | promouvoir "promote" | |
pleuv-oir | "to rain" | pleuvr-a | pleu-t | (stem pleuv-) | (stem pleuv-) | plu | plu-t | Impersonal (3rd-singular only) | |
asseoir | "to sit" | assiér-ai; assoir-ai | assied-s, assied-s, assied;2 assoi-s | assey-ons; assoy-ons | assey-ent; assoi-ent | assis | assi-s | Notice that there are two sets of conjugations. | |
cueill-ir /kœjiʁ/ | "to gather" | cueiller-ai | cueill-e, cueill-es, cueill-e | cueill-ons | cueill-ent | cueilli | cueilli-s | Like ouvrir except the future; sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs | |
ven-ir | "to come" | viendr-ai | vien-s | ven-ons | vienn-ent | venu | vin-s | Note simple past plural vînmes, vîntes, vinrent /vɛ̃m, vɛ̃t, vɛ̃ʁ/ | revenir "return", devenir "become", se souvenir "remember", parvenir "reach", prévenir "tell beforehand"; tenir "hold", retenir "memorize", contretenir "talk", soutenir "sustain", maintenir "maintain", appartenir "belong", etc. |
mour-ir | "to die" | mourr-ai | meur-s | mour-ons | meur-ent | mort | mouru-s | ||
cour-ir | "to run" | courr-ai | cour-s | cour-ons | cour-ent | couru | couru-s | ||
di-re | "to say, tell" | dir-ai | di-s | dis-ons, dites | dis-ent | dit | di-s | Note the 2nd pl. dites | contredire "contradict", interdire "forbid" |
li-re | "to read" | lir-ai | li-s | lis-ons | lis-ent | lu | lu-s | ||
écri-re | "to write" | écrir-ai | écri-s | écriv-ons | écriv-ent | écrit | écrivi-s | décrire "describe", inscrire "inscribe" | |
ri-re | "to laugh" | rir-ai | ri-s | ri-ons | ri-ent | ri | ri-s | sourire "smile" | |
suffi-re | "to suffice" | suffir-ai | suffi-s | suffis-ons | suffis-ent | suffi | suffi-s | confire "pickle", circoncire "circumcise", frire "fry" | |
boi-re | "to drink" | boir-ai | boi-s | buv-ons | boiv-ent | bu | bu-s | ||
croi-re | "to believe" | croir-ai | croi-s | croy-ons3 | croi-ent3 | cru | cru-s | ||
conclu-re | "to conclude" | conclur-ai | conclu-s | conclu-ons | conclu-ent | conclu | conclu-s | Other verbs in -clure | |
plai-re | "to please" | plair-ai | plai-s, plai-s, plaît | plais-ons | plais-ent | plu | plu-s | Note the 3rd sg. plaît | |
clo-re | "to close" | clor-ai | clo-s, clo-s, clôt | clos-ons | clos-ent | clos | (missing) | Also missing the imperfect; note the 3rd sg. clôt | |
prend-re | "to take" | prendr-ai | prend-s, prend-s, prend2 | pren-ons | prenn-ent | pris | pri-s | comprendre "understand", apprendre "study", reprendre "take again", etc. | |
viv-re | "to live" | vivr-ai | vi-s | viv-ons | viv-ent | vécu | vécu-s | revivre "come alive again", survivre "survive" | |
suiv-re | "to follow" | suivr-ai | sui-s | suiv-ons | suiv-ent | suivi | suivi-s | poursuivre "pursue" | |
naît-re | "to be born" | naîtr-ai | nai-s, nai-s, naît | naiss-ons | naiss-ent | né | naqui-s | Note the 3rd sg. naît | |
connaît-re | "to know" | connaîtr-ai | connai-s, connai-s, connaît | connaiss-ons | connaiss-ent | connu | connu-s | Note the 3rd sg. connaît | reconnaître "recognize", paraître "seem", apparaître "appear", reparaître "reappear", disparaître "disappear" |
mett-re | "to put" | mettr-ai | met-s, met-s, met2 | mett-ons | mett-ent | mis | mi-s | promettre "promise", permettre "permit", compromettre "compromise, damage", soumettre "submit, subdue", transmettre "transmit" | |
batt-re | "to beat" | battr-ai | bat-s, bat-s, bat2 | batt-ons | batt-ent | battu | batti-s | Close to vendre | |
romp-re | "to break" | rompr-ai | romp-s | romp-ons | romp-ent | rompu | rompi-s | Very close to vendre | |
vainc-re | "to conquer" | vaincr-ai | vainc-s, vainc-s, vainc | vainqu-ons | vainqu-ent | vaincu | vainqui-s | Essentially same as vendre, except for c/qu variation | convaincre "convince" |
trai-re | "to milk" | trair-ai | trai-s | tray-ons3 | trai-ent3 | trai-t | (missing) | contraire "contract", extraire "extract", soustraire "subtract", retraire "withdraw" | |
coud-re | "to sew" | coudr-ai | coud-s, coud-s, coud2 | cous-ons | cous-ent | cousu | cousi-s | ||
moud-re | "to grind, mill" | moudr-ai | moud-s, moud-s, moud2 | moul-ons | moul-ent | moulu | moulu-s | ||
résoud-re | "to solve, resolve" | résoudr-ai | résou-s | résolv-ons | résolv-ent | résolu | résolu-s | ||
absoud-re | "to solve, absolve" | absoudr-ai | absou-s | absolv-ons | absolv-ent | absous | absolu-s | The same as résoudre, except for the past participle |
1 Only in Quebec French
2 The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
3 Alternation of "-ai-" and -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, "-ay-" and -oy- before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.
The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple Past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | reçoi-s /ʁəswa/ |
reçu-s /ʁəsy/ |
recev-ais /ʁəsəvɛ/ |
recevr-ai /ʁəsəvʁe/ |
reçoiv-e /ʁəswav/ |
reçu-sse /ʁəsys/ |
recevr-ais /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ |
|
tu | recevr-as /ʁəsəvʁa/ |
reçoiv-es /ʁəswav/ |
reçu-sses /ʁəsys/ |
reçoi-s /ʁəswa/ | ||||
il | reçoi-t /ʁəswa/ |
reçu-t /ʁəsy/ |
recev-ait /ʁəsəvɛ/ |
recevr-a /ʁəsəvʁa/ |
reçoiv-e /ʁəswav/ |
reçû-t /ʁəsy/ |
recevr-ait /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ |
|
nous | recev-ons /ʁəsəvɔ̃/ |
reçû-mes /ʁəsym/ |
recev-ions /ʁəsəvjɔ̃/ |
recevr-ons /ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/ |
recev-ions /ʁəsəvjɔ̃/ |
reçu-ssions /ʁəsysjɔ̃/ |
recevr-ions /ʁəsəvʁijɔ̃/ |
recev-ons /ʁəsəvɔ̃/ |
vous | recev-ez /ʁəsəve/ |
reçû-tes /ʁəsyt/ |
recev-iez /ʁəsəvje/ |
recevr-ez /ʁəsəvʁe/ |
recev-iez /ʁəsəvje/ |
reçu-ssiez /ʁəsysje/ |
recevr-iez /ʁəsəvʁije/ |
recev-ez /ʁəsəve/ |
ils | reçoiv-ent /ʁəswav/ |
reçu-rent /ʁəsyʁ/ |
recev-aient /ʁəsəvɛ/ |
recevr-ont /ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/ |
reçoiv-ent /ʁəswav/ |
reçu-ssent /ʁəsys/ |
recevr-aient /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ |
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: recevoir
- Present participle: recevant
- Gerundive: en recevant
- Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
- Past participle: reçu(e)(s)
Verbs with eleven principal parts
编辑Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive. These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts, because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb.
The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular verbs in French, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb aller also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs.
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+ai | SUBJ+e | PAST+sse | FUT+ais | |
tu | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+as | SUBJ+es | PAST+sses | FUT+ais | (same as pres. indic. 2nd. sg.; but use 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel) or SUBJ+e |
il | 1S+t | PAST+t | 1P+ait | FUT+a | SUBJ+e | PAST+ˆt | FUT+ait | |
nous | 1P+ons | PAST+ˆmes | 1P+ions | FUT+ons | SUBJ+ions or 1P+ions | PAST+ssions | FUT+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) or SUBJ+ons |
vous | 1P+ez | PAST+ˆtes | 1P+iez | FUT+ez | SUBJ+iez or 1P+iez | PAST+ssiez | FUT+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) or SUBJ+ez |
ils | 3P+ent | PAST+rent | 1P+aient | FUT+ont | SUBJ+ent | PAST+ssent | FUT+aient |
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
- Present participle: 1P-ant or SUBJ-ant
- Gerundive: en 1P-ant or en SUBJ-ant
- Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s) or SUBJ-ant(e)(s)
- Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
INF: Infinitive | Meaning | FUT: Future | Present Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Imperative | Present Participle | PP: Past Participle | PAST: Simple Past | Notes | Similar verbs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) | 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) | 3P: 3rd Plur | SUBJ:1st Sing | 1st Plur | |||||||||
pouv-oir | "to be able" | pourr-ai | peux/puis, peux, peut (puis是pouvoir旧的第一人称直陈式现在时,现一般仅用于正式的倒装疑问句) | pouv-ons | peuv-ent | puiss-e | follows subj. (puiss-ions) | follows indic. | follows 1P (pouv-ant) | pu | pu-s (reg.) | alternate 1st sing. puis required in questions, use elsewhere is mannered; note that old pres. part. puiss-ant is attested as an adjective "powerful" | |
sav-oir | "to know" | saur-ai | sai-s | sav-ons | sav-ent | sach-e | follows subj. (sach-ions) | follows subj. (sache, sachons, sachez) | follows subj. (sach-ant) | su | su-s | ||
voul-oir | "to want" | voudr-ai | veux, veux, veut | voul-ons | veul-ent | veuill-e | follows indic. (voul-ions) | follows subj. (veuille, veuillons, veuillez) | follows 1P (voul-ant) | voulu | voulu-s | ||
val-oir | "to be worth" | vaudr-ai | vaux, vaux, vaut | val-ons | val-ent | vaill-e | follows indic. (val-ions) | follows indic. (vaux, valons, valez) | follows 1P (val-ant) | valu | valu-s | ||
fall-oir | "to be necessary" | faudr-a | fau-t | (stem fall-) | – | faill-e | – | – | – | fall-u | fallu-t | Impersonal (3rd-singular only) | |
fai-re | "to do" | fer-ai | fai-s | fais-ons, faites | font | fass-e | follows subj. (fass-ions) | follows indic. | follows 1P (fais-ant) | fait | fi-s | 2nd pl. pres. indic. faites (also in imperative) | défaire, refaire, satisfaire |
av-oir | "to have" | aur-ai | ai, as, a | av-ons | ont | ai-e, ai-es, ai-t; ai-ent | ay-ons, ay-ez | follows subj. (aie, ayons, ayez) | follows subj. (ay-ant) | eu /y/ | eu-s | ||
êt-re | "to be" | ser-ai | suis, es, est | sommes, êtes; stem ét- | sont | soi-s, soi-s, soi-t; soi-ent | soy-ons, soy-ez | follows subj. (sois, soyons, soyez) | follows 1P (ét-ant) | été | fu-s | ||
all-er | "to go" | ir-ai | vais/vas1, vas, va | all-ons | vont | aill-e | follows indic. (all-ions) | follows indic. | follows 1P (all-ant) | allé | all-ai | 2nd. sg. imperat. va, but vas-y "go there" | s'en aller "leave" |
Aller
编辑The verb aller means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation in full. It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own. The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past all- /al/ (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive); present subjunctive aill- /aj/; conditional and future ir- /iʁ/. The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | vais, vas1 /vɛ/, /va/ | allai /ale/ | allais /alɛ/ | irai /iʁe/ | aille /aj/ | allasse /alas/ | irais /iʁɛ/ | |
tu | vas /va/ | allas | allais | iras | ailles | allasses | irais | va |
il/elle/on | va /va/ | alla | allait | ira | aille | allât | irait | |
nous | allons /alɔ̃/ | allâmes | allions | irons | allions | allassions | irions | allons |
vous | allez /ale/ | allâtes | alliez | irez | alliez | allassiez | iriez | allez |
ils/elles | vont /vɔ̃/ | allèrent | allaient | iront | aillent | allassent | iraient |
The non-finite forms are all based on all- /al/:
- Infinitive: aller
- Present participle: allant
- Gerundive: en allant
- Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
- Past participle: allé(e)(s)
Auxiliary verb: être
1 In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) je vas is used.
三种类型动词的词尾变化
编辑第一组 | 第二组 | 第三组 | 第一组 | 第二组 | 第三组 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicatif (Présent) | Subjonctif (Présent) | ||||||||
je | e1 | is | s (x3) | e5 | e | isse | e2.1 | ||
tu | es | es5 | es | isses | es2.1 | ||||
il | e | it | t (d,c4) | e5 | e | isse | e2.3 | ||
nous | ons | issons | ons2.1 | ons | ions | issions | ions | ||
vous | ez | issez | ez (es2.2) | ez | iez | issiez | iez | ||
ils | ent | issent | ent (nt2) | ent | ent | issent | ent | ||
Indicatif (Imparfait) | Subjonctif (Imparfait) | ||||||||
je | ais | issais | ais | asse | isse | isse6 | usse | ||
tu | asses | isses | isses6 | usses | |||||
il | ait | issait | ait | ât | ît | ît6 | ût | ||
nous | ions | issions | ions | assions | issions | issions6 | ussions | ||
vous | iez | issiez | iez | assiez | issiez | issiez6 | ussiez | ||
ils | aient | issaient | aient | assent | issent | issent6 | ussent | ||
Indicatif (Passé simple) | Impératif (Présent) | ||||||||
je | ai | is | is6 | us | |||||
tu | as | e | is | s | e5 | ||||
il | a | it | it6 | ut | |||||
nous | âmes | îmes | îmes6 | ûmes | ons | issons | ons | ons | |
vous | âtes | îtes | îtes6 | ûtes | ez | issez | ez | ez | |
ils | èrent | irent | irent6 | urent | |||||
Indicatif (Futur simple) | Conditionnel (Présent) | ||||||||
je | erai | irai | rai | erais | irais | rais | |||
tu | eras | iras | ras | ||||||
il | era | ira | ra | erait | irait | rait | |||
nous | erons | irons | rons | erions | irions | rions | |||
vous | erez | irez | rez | eriez | iriez | riez | |||
ils | eront | iront | ront | eraient | iraient | raient |
1. 在疑问句中,这个 e 会被写成 é (传统拼法) 或 è (修正拼法),并且发做半开母音 è [ɛ]。另外,je 的 e 会变成无声。例如 je marche /ʒə.maʁʃ/ (我走); marchè-je? /maʁʃɛʒ/ (我走吗?)
2. 这些动词的结尾是 -ont: ils sont (他们是)、 ils ont (他们有)、 ils font (他们做)、 ils vont (他们去)。
2.1. 只有动词 être 在这些地方会有例外: nous sommes (我们是)、 que je soi-s (~我是), que tu soi-s (~你是)。
2.2. 这些动词与它们的派生词的结尾是 -es: vous êtes (你们/您是)、 vous faites (你们/您做), vous dites (你们/您说)。
2.3. 只有动词 être 和 avoir 的结尾有 t: qu'il/elle/on soi-t (~他/她/我们是)、 qu'il/elle/on ai-t (~他/她/我们有)。
3. 只有 je/tu peux (我/你能够)、 je/tu veux (我/你想要) 和 je/tu vaux (我/你值得)。
4. 以 -dre 结尾的动词在第三人称单数时结尾为 d ,除了以 -indre 和 -soudre 结尾的动词是以 t 结尾。动词 vaincre (打败)和 convaincre (说服) 第三人称单数的结尾分别为 vainc 和 convainc。
5. 只有这些动词是这样变化的: assaillir (攻击)、 couvrir (覆盖)、 cueillir (采集)、 défaillir (昏厥)、 offrir (提供)、 ouvrir (开启)、 souffrir (承受)、 tressaillir (颤抖),以及命令式的 avoir (有)、 savoir (知道)、 vouloir (想要)。
6. 例外有 je vins (我来到了)、 je tins (我拿了)等等,以及 que je vinsse (~我来)、 que je tinsse (~我拿)等等。
现代法语口语的第一人称复数
编辑第一人称复数结尾 -ons 以及相应的主格代词 nous (我们)在现代法语口语中十分少见。但受格的代词 nous 仍然很常用。[1] 代词 on 除了做为无人称代词之外,也普遍用以取代主格的 nous。例如, nous chantons (我们唱歌)在几乎所有的口语中都可以被 on chante 取代,除非是特别谨慎的场合。这导致了法语一些动词形式的消失。然而,动词词尾 -ons 仍然可以在命令式中见到: Chantons ! (我们唱歌吧!),而此句在某些情况下也可被 On chante ! 取代。
注解
编辑参考资料
编辑- ^ van Compernolle, Rémi A. Nous versus on: Pronouns with first-person plural reference in synchronous French chat. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 2008, 11 (2): 85–110 [2017-04-05]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-04).
参见
编辑参考文献
编辑- Larousse de la conjugaison, 1980.
外部链接
编辑- Verb2Verbe - French/English verb conjugation with translations (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- A two-page PDF reference guide of the 681 most common French/English verbs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Le Conjugueur - online conjugation for all French verbs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Bescherelle - conjugation & conjugation books. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- WordReference - French conjugation (Beta) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Conjugation-FR - French conjugation (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Open source XML database of French verb conjugation rules. RegEx based. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- French verb practice at UT Austin (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- schoLINGUA - Conjugation trainer - over 12,000 French verbs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Comment-conjuguer.fr - online conjugation for all French verbs and conjugation rules (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)