烃源岩

烃源岩（英语：source rock）是已生成碳氢化合物或可生成碳氢化合物的岩石。它们是富含有机物的沉积物，通常在浅海、湖泊和三角洲沉积环境中生成^[1] ^[2]。

烃源岩类型

烃源岩根据它们所含的干酪根类型进行分类如下：

I型烃源岩

其有机物是由深湖缺氧条件下沉积的藻类形成，经过深埋热变质时往往会产生蜡质原油。

II 型烃源岩

有机物是由海洋环境中缺氧条件下沉积的浮游生物和细菌形成：经过深埋裂解时会产生石油和天然气。

III 型烃源岩

其有机物是由在有氧或亚氧条件下被细菌和真菌分解的陆生植物材料形成的：在深埋过程中热裂解时，它们主要产生气体和伴生轻油。大多数煤和煤质页岩一般为Ⅲ型烃源岩^[3]

成熟和驱出

经过沉积物埋藏深度的增加和温度的升高，岩石内的干酪根开始热裂解（英语：cracking）。较短链的碳氢化合物首先从干酪根中释放出。后经过烃源岩内部因生烃和压实引起的超压作用。碳氢化合物与其他孔隙中流体一起被排出到多孔和可渗透的载体层（英语：carrier bed）。由于浮力驱动，碳氢化合物继续往上移动到储层或溢出到地表成油苗^[4]

参考文献

^ Barry J. Katz 2012 Petroleum Source Rocks,Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 3642789110, 9783642789113
^ Gerard Demaison: "The Generative Basin Concept" in: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Memoir #35 : "Petroleum Geochemistry and Basin Evaluation", 1984 , Edited by Gerard Demaison and Roelof J. Murris, ISBN 0-89181-312-8
^ George W. Jamieson (1956) Oil and Organic Matter in Source Rocks of Petroleum.AAPG Bulletin 40 https://doi.org/10.1306/5CEAE3E8-16BB-11D7-8645000102C1865D
^ Harold C.Helgesona,Laurent Richard William F.McKenziec Denis L.Nortond and Alexandra Schmitta (2009)chemical and thermodynamic model of oil generation in hydrocarbon source rocks.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Volume 73,Issue 3

[”Katz”-1] Barry J. Katz 2012 Petroleum Source Rocks,Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 3642789110, 9783642789113

[”-2] Gerard Demaison: "The Generative Basin Concept" in: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Memoir #35 : "Petroleum Geochemistry and Basin Evaluation", 1984 , Edited by Gerard Demaison and Roelof J. Murris, ISBN 0-89181-312-8

[”Jamieson”-3] George W. Jamieson (1956) Oil and Organic Matter in Source Rocks of Petroleum.AAPG Bulletin 40 https://doi.org/10.1306/5CEAE3E8-16BB-11D7-8645000102C1865D

[”Helgesona”-4] Harold C.Helgesona,Laurent Richard William F.McKenziec Denis L.Nortond and Alexandra Schmitta (2009)chemical and thermodynamic model of oil generation in hydrocarbon source rocks.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Volume 73,Issue 3

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