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A mass arrest occurs when police apprehend large numbers of suspects at once. This sometimes occurs at protests. Some mass arrests are also used in an effort to combat gang activity.[1] This is sometimes controversial, and lawsuits sometimes result.[2] In police science, it is deemed to be good practice to plan for the identification of those arrested during mass arrests, since it is unlikely that the officers will remember everyone they arrested.[3]
Historical examples
编辑The Japan Farmers' Union and Japanese labor-farmer groups were hit by mass arrests in the 1920s. On April 16, 1929, several thousand members of the farmers' movement were arrested.[4] Following World War II, mass arrests (over 120,000) of actual and suspected Quislings occurred in Norway.[5] Totalitarian regimes have sometimes conducted mass arrests as a prelude to a purge of perceived political enemies, sometimes through executions.
On March 10, 2010 a mass crackdown was initiated to thwart a planned peaceful 'million march' to be conducted in a South Indian state capital of Hyderabad demanding formation of a new federal unit, more than 100,000 Telangana people were taken in to custody by a police force controlled by the coastal 'andhra' elites.[6]
The 2010 G-20 Toronto summit was witness to the largest mass arrest in Canadian history.[7]
Mass arrests of protesters in the United States
编辑Beginning on May 3, 1971, three days into the 1971 May Day Protests - a series of large-scale civil disobedience actions in Washington, D.C. - massive arrest sweeps begin. In a few days over 12,000 are arrested - the largest mass arrest in U.S. history.[8][9]
Former American President Jimmy Carter said in regards to the racial conflicts of the time, "I would be opposed to mass arrest, and I would be opposed to preventive detention. But I think that the abuses in the past have in many cases exacerbated the disharmonies that brought about demonstrations, and I think that arrest or large numbers of people without warrants ... is a contrary to our best systems of justice."[10]
A famous mass arrest occurred on September 27, 2002, in Washington, DC in which several hundred anti-World Bank/International Monetary Fund protestors, journalists and bystanders were systematically arrested by police[11][12] and charged with failure to obey a police order.[13] A class action lawsuit against the government ensued.[14] Pre-emptive mass arrests have also sometimes been criticized.[15]
On October 1, 2011, more than 700 protesters with the Occupy Wall Street movement were arrested while attempting to march across the bridge on the roadway.[16]
Mass arrest as a war crime
编辑Indiscriminate mass arrests were designated a war crime in 1944 by a Commission on war crimes created by the London International Assembly. This was one of two items added by that Commission to the list of war crimes that had been drawn up by the Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties in 1919. Specifically, "indiscriminate mass arrests for the purpose of terrorizing the population" were designated as war crimes by the commission.[17]
At the Netherlands temporary court martial in 1947, several members of the tokkeitai in the Netherlands East Indies were accused of the war crime of indiscriminate mass arrests. The applicable legislation, used by the court, was the NEI Statute Book Decree #44 of 1946, whose definition of war crimes paralleled the commission's list. Specifically, item #34 of the enumerated list of war crimes under the NEI legislation was "indiscriminate mass arrests for the purpose of terrorising the population, whether described as taking hostages or not". The court understood the definition of such unlawful mass arrests to be as "arrests of groups of persons firstly on the ground of wild rumours and suppositions, and secondly without definite facts and indications being present with regard to each person which would justify his arrest". To this it added commentary on indiscriminate mass arrests that are for the purpose of terrorizing the populace, stating that they "contained the elements of systematic terrorism for nobody, even the most innocent, was any longer certain of his liberty, and a person once arrested, even if absolutely innocent, could no longer be sure of health and life".[18]
参见
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ Lee, Trymaine, Mass Arrest of Brooklyn Youths Spotlights Tactics, New York Times, June 24, 2007
- ^ Fenton, Justin, City poised to approve 'mass arrest' settlement with NAACP, ACLU, The Baltimore Sun, June 23, 2010
- ^ Richard L. Holcomb, The Police Role in Racial Conflicts by Juby E. Towler 55 (4), The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science: 540, Dec 1964, JSTOR 1140912
- ^ Seiyei Wakukawa, Japanese Tenant Movements, Far Eastern Survey, Feb 13, 1946, 15 (3): 40–44, JSTOR 3022364, doi:10.2307/3022364
- ^ Amry Vandenbosch, The Purge of Dutch Quislings; Emergency Justice in the Netherlands. by Henry L. Mason 14 (4), The Journal of Politics: 751–752, Nov 1952, JSTOR 2126459
- ^ Mass arrests before India rally. BBC News. 2011-03-10 [2017-10-20] （英国英语）.
- ^ Jill Mahoney; Ann Hui. G20-related mass arrests unique in Canadian history. The Globe and Mail (theglobeandmail.com). 29 June 2010 [2012-04-05].
- ^ Page 5 "Vietnam Demonstrations: 1971 Year in Review, United Press International Accessed 2009-04-13. WebCite的存档，存档日期2009-05-05
- ^ 1971 Year in Review Archived United Press International 2009-05-05.
- ^ Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter, 1977, Book 1: January 20 to June 24, 1977, p. 346
- ^ Rachel Coen, Another Day, Another Mass Arrest, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, November–December 2002
- ^ Activists Decry Police Intimidation in Anti-Globalization Protests, Agence France Presse, October 1, 2002 [July 24, 2010], （原始内容存档于October 7, 2012）
- ^ Final Report Relative to Complaints of Alleged Misconduct Made at the October 24, 2002, Hearing of the Committee on the Judiciary of the Council of the District of Columbia Concerning the IMF/World Bank Protest, （原始内容存档于October 6, 2010）
- ^ http://www.pershingparksettlement.com/
- ^ Leading article: Mass arrests have no place in a democratic country, The Independent, 14 April 2009
- ^ Baker, Al; Moynihan, Colin; Nir, Sarah Maslin. Police Arrest More Than 700 Protesters on Brooklyn Bridge. The New York Times. October 1, 2011 [2011-12-11].
- ^ Lyal S. Sunga. Individual responsibility in international law for serious human rights violations. International studies in human rights 21. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1992: 25–26. ISBN 978-0-7923-1453-0.
- ^ United Nations War Crimes Commission. Trial of Shigeki Motomura and 15 others. Law reports of trials of war criminals. 1–5. Wm S. Hein Publishing. 1997: 138–145. ISBN 978-1-57588-403-5.