克伦威尔征服爱尔兰
克伦威尔征服爱尔兰(Cromwellian conquest of Ireland)或爱尔兰克伦威尔战争(Cromwellian war in Ireland,1649-1653年)是指出三国之战期间,以奥利弗·克伦威尔为首的英格兰议会军队对爱尔兰的征服。
1641年爱尔兰起义后,爱尔兰大部分地区被爱尔兰邦联控制。1649年初,邦联与在英国内战中被圆颅党击败的骑士党结盟。1649年8月,奥利弗·克伦威尔以英国残缺议会的名义率领他的新模范军入侵爱尔兰。1652年5月,克伦威尔的议会军队在爱尔兰打败了邦联和骑士党的联盟,并占领了爱尔兰。然而,游击战又持续了一年。克伦威尔制订了一系列针对占爱尔兰人口绝大多数的罗马天主教徒的刑法,没收了罗马天主教徒大量土地。
克伦威尔征服爱尔兰导致了爱尔兰出现饥荒[1][2][3][4],而鼠疫的爆发使得饥荒更为严重。据估计,克伦威尔征服爱尔兰导致爱尔兰人口下降幅度从15%到83%不等[5]。克伦威尔的军队还带来了约5万人的契约劳工[6]。
参考文献
编辑- ^ Prendergast, John Patrick. The Cromwellian settlement of Ireland. P.M. Haverty. 2 January 1868.
- ^ Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Cromwell's Famine. mandalaprojects.com. [2021-01-02]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-18).
- ^ Historical Context - The Down Survey Project. downsurvey.tcd.ie. [2021-01-02]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-07).
- ^ Padraig Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War (2001) p112, 'As late as 1650, provisions were cheaper in Ireland than in England; the famine of 1651 onwards was a man made response to stubborn guerrilla warfare. Collective reprisals against the civilian population included forcing them out of designated no man's lands and the systematic destruction of foodstuffs'.
- ^ 15–25%
- Padraig Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War, p112
- The History and Social Influence of the Potato, Redcliffe N. Salaman, Edited by JG Hawkes, 9780521316231, Cambridge University Press
- How many died during Cromwell’s campaign? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Down Survey. Trinity College Dublin Department of History. [19 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-07).