情感 (心理学)

情感（英语：Affect）是心理学中用来描述感觉或情绪经验的概念。情感一词在其他领域有不同的含义^[1]。在心理学中，情感是生物体与刺激相互作用的导体。这个词有时也指情感表达，像是以面部、声音或手势等行为作为情感的指标^[2]。

情感领域是现代心理学描述的三个分支之一，这三个分支为认知、意动和情感。情感也在“心理学ABC（ABC of psychology）”的行列中，即 “情感（Affect）”、“行为（Behavior）”和“认知（Cognition）”^[3]。

情感状态是一种心理－生理学结构（psycho-physiological constructs）。目前大多数的观点认为，情感状态主要沿着三个主要方面变化：效价（valence）、唤起（arousal）和动机强度（Motivational salience）^[4]。效价是对经验状态主观的正面评价。情绪效价则是指情绪的后果、情绪引发的情境或主观感受的态度^[5]。唤起能够透过交感神经系统的启动来做客观的测量，也能够通过自我报告进行主观的评估。唤起是一种与动机强度密切相关的结构，但它们的不同之处在于动机必然会引起动作，而唤起则不然^[6]。动机强度是指对于行动的冲动^[7]、渴望走向或远离刺激的力量。简单动作也可以没有动机冲动^[8]。

参见

参考文献

^ Neil., Martin, G.; William., Buskist,. Psychology 4th ed. Harlow, England: Allyn and Bacon. 2010. ISBN 9780273720119. OCLC 463856021.
^ VandenBos, Gary R. APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association. 2006 [2018-10-30]. ISBN 1591473802. （原始内容存档于2018-10-30）（英语）.
^ Duncan, Seth; Barrett, Lisa Feldman. Affect is a form of cognition: A neurobiological analysis. Cognition & Emotion. 2007-09, 21 (6): 1184–1211. ISSN 0269-9931. PMC 2396787  . PMID 18509504. doi:10.1080/02699930701437931 （英语）.
^ Harmon-Jones, Eddie; Gable, Philip A.; Price, Tom F. Does Negative Affect Always Narrow and Positive Affect Always Broaden the Mind? Considering the Influence of Motivational Intensity on Cognitive Scope. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2013-8, 22 (4): 301–307 [2019-02-26]. ISSN 0963-7214. doi:10.1177/0963721413481353. （原始内容存档于2019-02-27）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ Harmon-Jones, Eddie; Harmon-Jones, Cindy; Amodio, David M.; Gable, Philip A. Attitudes toward emotions.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2011, 101 (6): 1332–1350. ISSN 1939-1315. doi:10.1037/a0024951 （英语）.
^ Gable, Philip A.; Harmon-Jones, Eddie. Does arousal per se account for the influence of appetitive stimuli on attentional scope and the late positive potential?: Approach, arousal, and attentional scope. Psychophysiology. 2013-4, 50 (4): 344–350. doi:10.1111/psyp.12023 （英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ emotion | The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology - Credo Reference. search.credoreference.com. [2019-02-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-20）.
^ Harmon-Jones, Eddie; Harmon-Jones, Cindy; Price, Tom F. What is Approach Motivation?. Emotion Review. 2013-7, 5 (3): 291–295 [2019-02-26]. ISSN 1754-0739. doi:10.1177/1754073913477509. （原始内容存档于2021-10-20）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[1] Neil., Martin, G.; William., Buskist,. Psychology 4th ed. Harlow, England: Allyn and Bacon. 2010. ISBN 9780273720119. OCLC 463856021.

[2] VandenBos, Gary R. APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association. 2006 [2018-10-30]. ISBN 1591473802. （原始内容存档于2018-10-30）（英语）.

[3] Duncan, Seth; Barrett, Lisa Feldman. Affect is a form of cognition: A neurobiological analysis. Cognition & Emotion. 2007-09, 21 (6): 1184–1211. ISSN 0269-9931. PMC 2396787  . PMID 18509504. doi:10.1080/02699930701437931 （英语）.

[4] Harmon-Jones, Eddie; Gable, Philip A.; Price, Tom F. Does Negative Affect Always Narrow and Positive Affect Always Broaden the Mind? Considering the Influence of Motivational Intensity on Cognitive Scope. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2013-8, 22 (4): 301–307 [2019-02-26]. ISSN 0963-7214. doi:10.1177/0963721413481353. （原始内容存档于2019-02-27）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[5] Harmon-Jones, Eddie; Harmon-Jones, Cindy; Amodio, David M.; Gable, Philip A. Attitudes toward emotions.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2011, 101 (6): 1332–1350. ISSN 1939-1315. doi:10.1037/a0024951 （英语）.

[6] Gable, Philip A.; Harmon-Jones, Eddie. Does arousal per se account for the influence of appetitive stimuli on attentional scope and the late positive potential?: Approach, arousal, and attentional scope. Psychophysiology. 2013-4, 50 (4): 344–350. doi:10.1111/psyp.12023 （英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[7] tion | The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology - Credo Reference. search.credoreference.com. [2019-02-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-20）.

[8] Harmon-Jones, Eddie; Harmon-Jones, Cindy; Price, Tom F. What is Approach Motivation?. Emotion Review. 2013-7, 5 (3): 291–295 [2019-02-26]. ISSN 1754-0739. doi:10.1177/1754073913477509. （原始内容存档于2021-10-20）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

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