绒毛乳菇
绒毛乳菇（学名：Lactarius torminosus）又称疝疼乳菇，是乳菇属的一种真菌，最早于1774年由德国真菌学家雅各布·舍费尔发表描述，当时被归入伞菌属中[2]；1821年又由塞缪尔·弗里德里克·格雷改置于乳菇属[1][3]，其种小名torminosus意为“折磨人的、造成腹痛的”，指生食本种后会产生肠胃不适的症状[4]。2011年红菇科类群因分子证据而发生许多分类改动，本种由此被作为乳菇属的模式种[5][6]。绒毛乳菇分布于欧洲、北非、亚洲与北美洲等北半球的温带至副极地地区[7][8]。
绒毛乳菇
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科学分类 
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| 界： | 真菌界 Fungi |
| 门： | 担子菌门 Basidiomycota |
| 纲： | 伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes |
| 目： | 红菇目 Russulales |
| 科： | 红菇科 Russulaceae |
| 属： | 乳菇属 Lactarius |
| 种： | 绒毛乳菇 L. torminosus
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| 二名法 | |
| Lactarius torminosus | |
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| 异名[1] | |
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列表
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| 绒毛乳菇 | |
|---|---|
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 | 子实层上有菌褶 |
 | 蕈伞为凸面 或扁平 |
 | 子实层自基部沿蕈柄向下生长 |
 | 裸露蕈柄 |
 | 孢印乳色或黄色 |
 | 菌根真菌 |
 | 不建议食用 |
绒毛乳菇的蕈伞直径为2—12公分[9]，呈淡粉红色至橘色[9]，菌髓为白色；蕈柄长1.5—8公分，粗0.6—2公分，呈淡粉红色或稍带橘黄色[9]，有时近地处可见白色的菌丝体[10]；孢子印为乳白色至淡黄色，担孢子为球形至椭球形，颜色透明，长8—10.2微米，宽5.8—6.6微米，表面具突起的饰物[9]。本种之下有一变种L. torminosus var. nordmanensis，分布于北美洲[11][12]。
绒毛乳菇的口感呛辣[13]，有些学者形容其有毒[4][14]，或指其可导致程度不一的肠胃炎[15]。食用本种后可能出现的症状包括头晕、呕吐与严重腹泻等[16]。但本种仍在东欧、北欧等地被食用[17][7]。本种的辣味可能是来自绒白乳菇醛，为此菌防止动物捕食的机制[18]。
绒毛乳菇可与桦木与铁杉等树木形成菌根[9]，其子实体会被欧亚红松鼠取食[19]，且为部分果蝇与蕈蚋的繁殖场所[20]。本种也可能被寄生真菌Hypomyces lithuanicus感染[21]。
参考文献
编辑
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Species synonymy: Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.) Gray. Index Fungorum. CAB International. [2012-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-07）.
- ^ Schäffer JC. Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones [The Fungi that Grow in Bavaria and the Palatine, around Ratisbon] 4. Erlangen, Germany: Apud J.J. Palmium. 1774: 7–8 （拉丁语及德语）.
- ^ Gray SF. A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. London, UK: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. 1821: 623.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Roody WC. Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 2003: 107. ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6.
- ^ Norvell LL. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16. Taxon. 2011, 60 (1): 223–26. doi:10.1002/tax.601023
.
- ^ Barrie FR. Report of the General Committee: 11. Taxon. 2011, 60 (4): 1211–14. doi:10.1002/tax.604026 .
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Roberts P, Evans S. The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 2011: 193. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
- ^ Schalkwijk-Barendsen HME. Mushrooms of Western Canada. Edmonton, Canada: Lone Pine Publishing. 1991: 215. ISBN 978-0-919433-47-2.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA. Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada: Including other Inedible Fungi. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada. 1985: 275–76. ISBN 978-0-88902-977-4.
- ^ Bessette AR, Bessette AE, Harris DB. Milk Mushrooms of North America: A Field Guide to the Genus Lactarius. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. 2009: 257-258. ISBN 978-0-8156-3229-0.
- ^ Hesler LR, Smith AH. North American Species of Lactarius. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. 1979: 277-278 [2024-04-20]. ISBN 978-0-472-08440-1. （原始内容存档于2024-07-19）.
- ^ Methven AS. New and interesting species of Lactarius from California. Mycologia. 1985, 77 (3): 472–82 [2024-04-20]. JSTOR 3793204. doi:10.2307/3793204. （原始内容存档于2024-04-20）.
- ^ Arora D. All that the Rain Promises and More: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 1991: 19. ISBN 978-0-89815-388-0.
- ^ Groves JW. Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada revised. Ottawa, Canada: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 1979: 57–58. ISBN 978-0-660-10136-1.
- ^ Elvin-Lewis MP, Lewis WH. Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 2003: 61. ISBN 978-0-471-62882-8.
- ^ Reichl FX, Ritter L. Illustrated Handbook of Toxicology. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme. 2011: 296. ISBN 978-3-13-149591-4.
- ^ Arora D. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 1986: 73. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
- ^ Camazine S, Lupo TL Jr. Labile toxic compounds of the Lactarii: the role of the laticiferous hyphae as a storage depot for precursors of pungent dialdehydes. Mycologia. 1984, 76 (2): 355–58 [2024-04-20]. JSTOR 3793113. doi:10.2307/3793113. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.
- ^ Grönwall O, Pehrson Å. Nutrient contents in fungi as a primary food of the red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris L.. Oecologia (Berlin). 1984, 64 (2): 230–31. Bibcode:1984Oecol..64..230G. JSTOR 4217450. PMID 28312343. S2CID 28125328. doi:10.1007/BF00376875.
- ^ Shorrocks B, Charlesworth P. The distribution and abundance of the British fungal-breeding Drosophila. Ecological Entomology. 1980, 5 (1): 61–78. S2CID 85392656. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1980.tb01124.x.
- ^ Rogerson CT, Samuels GJ. Agaricolous species of Hypomyces. Mycologia. 1994, 86 (6): 839–66 [2024-04-20]. JSTOR 3760597. doi:10.2307/3760597. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.
