俯衝侵蝕

俯衝侵蝕（英語：subduction erosion），或構造侵蝕，是由於俯衝而造成上覆構造板塊上的地殼消失^[1]。兩種類型的構造侵蝕：板塊前緣侵蝕和板塊地殼底部的基底侵蝕。基底侵蝕導致上覆板塊變薄^[2]。前緣侵蝕可能導致連鎖效應的斷層活動和板塊邊緣傾斜，以填補被消耗地殼塊體留下的「缺口」^[2]。高速俯衝和低速沉積物供應到海溝一般被認為能增強俯衝侵蝕^[1]。

在新元古代之前，由於收斂速率較高，俯衝侵蝕速率可能高於現在。藍片岩的稀缺似乎支持這種觀點。然而，這種說法有不同的解釋，因為早期的大洋地殼比今天的地殼含有更多的鎂，因此藍片岩相會被綠片岩相石取代^[3]。

俯衝侵蝕引起的構造實例

伸展構造：俯衝侵蝕被認為是智利北部的一種普遍現象，梅希約內斯半島（英語：Mejillones Peninsula）周圍的正斷層歸因於岩石圈消耗引起的伸展多米諾骨牌效應^[2]。

區域下沉和海侵：智利南部的中新世海侵被認為是由基底構造侵蝕引起的^[4]。但俯衝侵蝕不能解釋巴塔哥尼亞更內陸的中新世海侵^[5]。

岩漿帶遷移：與安第斯造山運動同時，智利的岩漿帶從晚白堊世開始向東遷移被認為是由俯衝侵蝕引起的^[6]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Stern, Charles R. (2011). "Subduction erosion: Rates, mechanisms, and its role in arc magmatism and the evolution of the continental crust and mantle". Gondwana Research. 20 (2–3): 284–308. Bibcode:2011GondR..20..284S. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2011.03.006.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Niemeyer, Hans; González, Gabriel; Martínez-De Los Ríos, Edmundo (1996). "Evolución tectónica cenozoica del margen continental activo de Antofagasta, norte de Chile". Revista geológica de Chile (in Spanish). 23 (2): 165–186.
^ Palin, Richard M.; White, Richard W. (2016). "Emergence of blueschists on Earth linked to secular changes in oceanic crust composition". Nature Geoscience. 9 (1): 60–64. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9...60P. doi:10.1038/ngeo2605
^ Encinas, Alfonso; Finger, Kenneth L.; Buatois, Luis A.; Peterson, Dawn E. (2012). "Major forearc subsidence and deep-marine Miocene sedimentation in the present Coastal Cordillera and Longitudinal Depression of south-central Chile (38°30'S – 41°45'S)". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 124 (7–8): 1262– 1277. doi:10.1130/b30567.1. hdl:10533/135235
^ Encinas, Alfonso; Pérez, Felipe; Nielsen, Sven N.; Finger, Kenneth L.; Valencia, Victor; Duhart, Paul (2014). "Geochronologic and paleontologic evidence for a Pacific–Atlantic connection during the late Oligocene–early Miocene in the Patagonian Andes (43–44°S)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 55: 1–18. Bibcode:2014JSAES..55....1E. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.06.008. hdl:10533/130517.
^ Charrier, Reynaldo; Pinto, Luisa; Rodríguez, María Pía (2006). "3. Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Andean Orogen in Chile". In Moreno, Teresa; Gibbons, Wes (eds.). Geology of Chile. Geological Society of London. pp. 21, 45–46. ISBN 9781862392199.

[”Stern”-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Stern, Charles R. (2011). "Subduction erosion: Rates, mechanisms, and its role in arc magmatism and the evolution of the continental crust and mantle". Gondwana Research. 20 (2–3): 284–308. Bibcode:2011GondR..20..284S. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2011.03.006.

[”-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Niemeyer, Hans; González, Gabriel; Martínez-De Los Ríos, Edmundo (1996). "Evolución tectónica cenozoica del margen continental activo de Antofagasta, norte de Chile". Revista geológica de Chile (in Spanish). 23 (2): 165–186.

[”Palin”-3] Palin, Richard M.; White, Richard W. (2016). "Emergence of blueschists on Earth linked to secular changes in oceanic crust composition". Nature Geoscience. 9 (1): 60–64. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9...60P. doi:10.1038/ngeo2605

[”Encinas,”-4] Encinas, Alfonso; Finger, Kenneth L.; Buatois, Luis A.; Peterson, Dawn E. (2012). "Major forearc subsidence and deep-marine Miocene sedimentation in the present Coastal Cordillera and Longitudinal Depression of south-central Chile (38°30'S – 41°45'S)". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 124 (7–8): 1262– 1277. doi:10.1130/b30567.1. hdl:10533/135235

[Encinas”-5] Encinas, Alfonso; Pérez, Felipe; Nielsen, Sven N.; Finger, Kenneth L.; Valencia, Victor; Duhart, Paul (2014). "Geochronologic and paleontologic evidence for a Pacific–Atlantic connection during the late Oligocene–early Miocene in the Patagonian Andes (43–44°S)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 55: 1–18. Bibcode:2014JSAES..55....1E. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.06.008. hdl:10533/130517.

[”Charrier”-6] Charrier, Reynaldo; Pinto, Luisa; Rodríguez, María Pía (2006). "3. Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Andean Orogen in Chile". In Moreno, Teresa; Gibbons, Wes (eds.). Geology of Chile. Geological Society of London. pp. 21, 45–46. ISBN 9781862392199.

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