共同但有區別的責任原則
共同但有區別的責任原則（CBDR）是1992年在里約熱內盧地球峰會上《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》（UNFCCC）正式確立的一項原則。 《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》第3條第1款[1]以及第4條第1款[2]提到了該原則。這是第一份應對氣候變化的國際法律文書，也是國際社會為應對全球環境影響所做的最全面的嘗試。 [3]該原則承認各國對解決環境破壞問題負有共同義務，但不認為各國在環境保護方面負有同等責任。
在地球峰會上，各國承認已開發國家與開發中國家之間存在經濟發展差距。已開發國家的工業化進程比開發中國家早得多。該原則是基於工業化與氣候變化之間的關係而提出的。[4]一個國家工業化程度越高，對氣候變化的責任就應該越大。各國一致認為，已開發國家對環境造成傷害比開發中國家更大，應為減緩氣候變化承擔更大的責任。因此，該原則可以說是建立在污染者自付原則的基礎上，其中對氣候變化的歷史責任和各自應對氣候變化的能力成為衡量環境保護責任的指標。[5]
該原則起源於1949年《建立美洲熱帶金槍魚委員會公約》 [6]中「共同關切」的概念和1982年《聯合國海洋法公約》 [7]中「人類共同遺產」的概念。
目標
編輯一般而言，締結差別待遇有三個目標：在公正的框架內實現實質性平等、促進國家之間的合作以及激勵國家履行其義務。 [8]
地球峰會確立了共同但有區別的責任原則，向世界宣告污染不分疆界，環境保護需要通過合作的方式實現。1992年《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》第3條第1款規定：「各締約方應當在公平的基礎上，並根據它們共同但有區別的責任和各自的能力，為人類當代和後代的利益保護氣候系統。因此，已開發國家締約方應當率先對付氣候變化及其不利影響。」 [1]
背景
編輯該原則並不是國際協議中第一個對各國實行差別待遇的規定。還有其他一些議定書和協議也採用了差別待遇的原則：
- 京都議定書
- 巴黎協定
- 關於消耗臭氧層物質的蒙特婁議定書（蒙特婁議定書）
- 華盛頓海軍條約
- 1979年關稅與貿易總協定第四部分[9]
- 1972年《聯合國人類環境會議宣言》第23條原則[10]
批評
編輯時任美國氣候變化特使托德·斯特恩在達特茅斯學院2012年畢業典禮致辭中表示，世界不能再出現兩類截然不同的國家，它們在緩解氣候變化方面承擔不同的責任。各國應該遵循連續的差異化，即根據本國的情況、能力和責任採取有力的行動。他強調，減少碳排放的責任應由所有國家共同承擔，而不是由一些國家承擔大部分。
有意見認為，「有區別」一詞的含義可能有問題，因為每項協議都是有區別的。[11]另外，共同但有區別的責任原則「既不具有普遍性，也非不證自明」。[12]另有指很難確定該原則是否屬於具體的習慣規範。[13]
拉瓦尼亞·拉賈馬尼認為，開發中國家將擁有不公平的經濟優勢，因為它們沒有已開發國家所面臨的同樣限制。如果沒有開發中國家的參與，氣候變化條約就不會有效。美國認為開發中國家沒有盡力履行應對氣候變化問題的「共同責任」。然而，開發中國家表示，它們的碳排放對於其生存至關重要，而已開發國家的碳排放則是「奢侈排放」。[14]
《巴黎協定》擺脫了此前對工業化國家與開發中國家進行嚴格劃分的模式。根據《京都議定書》等先前的協議，《京都議定書》締約方對附件一國家和附件二國家有嚴格區分，並決定了各國的責任。工業化國家（附件 1）必須遵守嚴格的排放限制，而其他國家則不必。根據《巴黎協定》，各國應根據本國國情作出自主貢獻，隨著國情變化，責任也隨之變化。[15]
參考
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (PDF). UNFCCC: 4. 1992 [2016-09-24].
The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof
- ^ United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (PDF). UNFCCC: 5. 1992 [2016-09-24].
All parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances...
- ^ Harris, Paul G. Common But Differentiated Responsibility: The Kyoto Protocol and United States Policy. New York University Environmental Law Journal. 1999, 27.
- ^ Cullet, Philippe. Differential Treatment in International Law: Towards a New Paradigm of Inter-state Relations. European Journal of International Law. 1999, 10, 3: 578.
- ^ Rajamani, Lavanya. The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility and the Balance of Commitments under the Climate Regime. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law: 122. ISSN 0962-8797.
- ^ Convention for the Establishment of an Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (PDF). Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 1949-05-31 [2016-09-24]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-05-13）.
... by tuna fishing vessels in the eastern Pacific Ocean which by reason of continued use have come to be of common concern and desiring to co-operate in the gathering and interpretation of factual information to facilitate maintaining the populations of these fishes ...
- ^ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (PDF). United Nations. 1982 [2016-09-24].
... the General Assembly of the United Nations solemnly declared inter alia that the area of the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, as well as its resources, are the common heritage of mankind, the exploration and exploitation of which shall be carried out for the benefit of mankind as a whole, irrespective of the geographical location of States,
- ^ Cullet, Philippe. Differential Treatment in International Law: Towards a New Paradigm of Inter-state Relations. European Journal of International Law. 1999, 10, 3: 552–553.
- ^ Differential and more favourable treatment reciprocity and fuller participation of developing countries. World Trade Organization. [2016-09-28].
4. Any contracting party taking action to introduce an arrangement pursuant to paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 above or subsequently taking action to introduce modification or withdrawal of the differential and more favourable treatment so provided shall:
- ^ Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1972 [2016-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-14）.
Without prejudice to such criteria as may be agreed upon by the international community, or to standards which will have to be determined nationally, it will be essential in all cases to consider the systems of values prevailing in each country, and the extent of the applicability of standards which are valid for the most advanced countries but which may be inappropriate and of unwarranted social cost for the developing countries.
- ^ Stone, Christopher D. Common But Differentiated Responsibilities In International Law. The American Journal of International Law. 2004, 98, 2 (2): 276–301. JSTOR 3176729. S2CID 145020223. doi:10.2307/3176729.
- ^ Stone, Christopher D. Common But. The American Journal of International Law. 2004, 98, 2 (2): 281. JSTOR 3176729. S2CID 145020223. doi:10.2307/3176729.
- ^ Cullet, Philippe. Differential Treatment in International Law: Towards a New Paradigm of Inter-state Relations. European Journal of International Law. 1999, 10, 3: 579.
- ^ Rajamani, Lavanya. The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility and the Balance of Commitments under the Climate Regime. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law. 2002-12-17, 9, 2: 128–129.
- ^ Pauw, Pieter; Mbeva, Kennedy; van Asselt, Harro. Subtle differentiation of countries’ responsibilities under the Paris Agreement. Palgrave Communications. 2019-07-30, 5 (1): 1–7. ISSN 2055-1045. doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0298-6
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