友誼牌坊 (華盛頓哥倫比亞特區)
友誼牌坊（英語：Friendship Archway）是一座設置於美國華盛頓特區唐人街入口處的中式牌坊建築[1]。該牌坊是中國以外所建造的最大牌坊式建築之一。
| 友誼牌坊 | |
|---|---|
| Friendship Archway | |
 The gate, facing east from 7th and H into Chinatown; photographed by Carol Highsmith c.1986 | |
  在Central Washington, D.C.的位置 | |
| 經緯度 | 38°53′59″N 77°01′18″W / 38.89982°N 77.021692°W |
| 位置 | 675 H St NW |
| 設計者 | Alfred H. Liu |
| 開放 | 1986年11月20日 |
| 恢復 | 1993年, 2009年, 2019年 |
歷史
編輯該牌坊的建造規劃始於1984年，由華盛頓特區新宣布的友好城市北京共同資助。但牌坊所在地唐人街的大部分反共人士不同意中國大陸的參與並提出抗議[2]。
1985年，當地建築師Alfred H. Liu設計了友誼牌坊，此前市政府官員拒絕了在整個唐人街放置12個較小的拱門（每個拱門都裝飾有十二生肖動物當中的一種）的提案[3]。Liu曾於1982年設計了華樂樓（Wah Luck House）[4]:3，一棟低收入階層的高層建築住宅，以滿足美國住房和城市發展部要求的三天設計時間，七周建造時間的底線[3]。他還是唐人街發展公司的董事長，十幾歲時從台灣移民到美國[5]:§7:9。
On November 20, 1986, the city dedicated the traditional Chinese gate;[6] the signatures of Mayors Marion Barry (of Washington DC) and Chen Xitong (of Beijing) are engraved on the dedication plaque at the monument's base. Meanwhile, the local Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association announced plans for a second privately-financed gate at the neighborhood's eastern border, near 5th and H, although the financing fell through later.[2][7]
Erected to celebrate friendship with Washington's sister city of Beijing,[3] it was hoped the arch would reinforce the neighborhood's Chinese character. It was recognized as the largest such single-span archway in the world by The Guinness Book of Records after its completion.[4]:21
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However, by 1990, tiles had begun to fall from the roof, and in June of that year, a passing soda truck struck the head of a dragon, prompting the Department of Public Works to remove the tiles and ornaments. Because the tiles were set in October 1986, the cold temperatures may not have allowed the mortar to set properly.[8] In 1993, the Friendship Archway underwent a major renovation funded by D.C. and Chinese governments. Artisans from China performed extensive repairs on the archway and repainted its decorations.[9]
In 2020, it underwent restoration for faded and peeling paint and tiles.[10]
設計
編輯
The colorful, US$1 million work of public art includes seven roofs covered in 7000 tiles and 284 dragons (272 painted and 12 carved) in the style of the Ming and Qing dynasties. It spans H Street just east of 7th, standing 47英尺7英寸（14.50公尺） tall and 75英尺（23公尺） wide. In total, it weighs 128 short ton（116 t）, of which 63 short ton（57 t） are in the roofing and decorations; the supports and internal structure are made from 27 short ton（24 t） of steel and 38 short ton（34 t） of concrete.[9]
The width of the span is enabled by a concealed steel beam; without it, the arch would be narrower.[5]:§8:19 [7] Decorative components were supplied by the Beijing Ancient Architectural Construction Corporation.[2]
Friendship Archway bears the Chinese characters for Chinatown (（中文）, read from right to left) on the panel just below the centermost roof.
參見
編輯參考文獻
編輯- ^ 友谊牌坊, Washington. cityseeker. [2024-07-19] （中文）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Allen-Kim, Erica. The Political Economy of Chinatown Gates. Pidgin. No. 15 (Princeton University School of Architecture). Spring 2013 [29 April 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-24）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Taylor, Tim. Chinatown Advocate Recalls the Good Fight. Roll Call. February 20, 2009 [29 April 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-11）.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 AEPA Architects Engineers. Chinatown Design Guidelines (PDF) (報告). Office of Planning, Government of the District of Columbia. 1989 [29 April 2020]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-06-13）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Miller, Rebecca. Historic Preservation Review Board, Application for Historic Landmark or Historic District Designation: Downtown Historic District (boundary increase) (PDF) (報告). United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. January 2013 [29 April 2020]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-10-20）.
- ^ Friendship Archway, (sculpture).. Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. [18 February 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-06）.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Forgey, Benjamin. Archway of Triumph. The Washington Post. January 31, 1987 [29 April 2020].
- ^ Hsu, Evelyn. For friendship's sake, Chinese artisans come to mend archway. The Washington Post. August 26, 1993 [29 April 2020].
- ^ 9.0 9.1 DeFerrari, John. Chinatown's Friendship Archway. Greater Greater Washington. February 9, 2011 [September 30, 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2022-09-11）.
- ^ Parker, Don. D.C.'s iconic Chinatown Friendship Arch has been restored. WJLA. November 18, 2020 [23 November 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2024-01-21）.
