艾斯美拉達–雅魯羅語系是委內瑞拉和厄瓜多兩種未分類語言的假設語系:雅魯羅語有6千使用者,艾斯美拉達語已滅絕。它們的關係很遠,但Kaufman (1990)發現了可信的證據,Campbell (2012)相信這一聯繫是確鑿的。[1]:59–166
- ^ Campbell, Lyle. Classification of the indigenous languages of South America. Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (編). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 2012. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more. Doris L. Payne (編). Amazonian Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1990.