曼薩 (稱謂)
曼薩（Mansa）是曼丁卡語詞彙，意為統治者，即國王或皇帝，亦可與伊斯蘭教的稱謂蘇丹對應，是中世紀西非馬里帝國的君主稱謂。馬里帝國在13世紀至15世紀支配西非，曼薩壟斷貿易，從而極度富有。松迪亞塔·凱塔是馬里帝國的第一位曼薩，他開創了馬里帝國凱塔王朝的統治。歷史上其他著名的曼薩還有烏利一世和穆薩一世[1][2][3][4][5]。
參見 編輯
參考資料 編輯
- ^ An Interview with Ibn Battuta （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Kathleen Knoblock, Primary Source Fluency Activities: World Cultures (In Sub-Saharan Africa), pub. Shell Education 2007 ISBN 978-1-4258-0102-1
- ^ Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, by Ibn Battuta, London 2005, p. 324 ISBN 0-415-34473-5
- ^ Jansen, Jan. Hot Issues: The 1997 Kamabolon Ceremony in Kangaba (Mali). The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 1998, 31 (2): 253–278. JSTOR 221083. On page 256, Jan Jansen writes: 「Mansa is generally translated as 'king,' 'ruler' or 'ancestor.' The Griaulians, however, often translate mansa as 'God,' 'the divine principle' or 'priest king,' although they never argue the choice for this translation, which has an enormous impact on their analysis of the Kamabolon ceremony.」
- ^ A Grammar of the Mandingo Language: With Vocabularies （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, by Robert Maxwell Macbrair, London 1873, p. 5.
- ^ Making America – A History of the United States （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 5th edition, by Carol Berkin, Christopher Miller, Robert Cherny, James Gormly & Douglas Egerton, Boston 2011, p. 13 ISBN 978-0-618-47139-3