監獄工業複合體
美國高監禁率的原因
監獄工業複合體（英語：Prison-Industrial Complex，PIC），也稱監工複合體，是工業複合體的一種，該詞源自1950年代的軍工複合體一詞，用來描述美國監獄私有化後囚犯人數迅速增加、逐步成為全世界監禁率最高國家的現象，其中私人監獄向政府和企業提供商品和服務以牟取暴利。[1] [2]
常見的監工複合體是簽訂廉價合同的監獄勞動公司，建築公司，大規模監視技術供應商，經營監獄食品服務和醫療設施的公司。懲教人員工會，私人訓誡公司，律師遊說團體代表他們的利益。[3][4]
美國公民自由聯盟認為，與國營監獄相比，私人監獄公司從貧困社區中牟利的程度相當多。紐約時報托馬斯·埃德爾（Thomas B.Edsall）指出：監禁服務的商業化程度越高，對窮人的服務成本就越高。[5]
相關條目
編輯參考資料
編輯- ^ Selman, Donna; Leighton, Paul. Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge. Rowman & Littlefield. 2010: 78 [2022-04-13]. ISBN 978-1442201736. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-13）.
- ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
:21的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Harcourt, Bernard (2012). The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674066162 p. 236
- ^ Alex Friedmann (15 January 2012). The Societal Impact of the Prison Industrial Complex, or Incarceration for Fun and Profit—Mostly Profit （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Prison Legal News. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
- ^ Samilton, Tracy (September 29, 2014). "ACLU says "pay or stay" is modern-day version of debtors prisons". Michigan Radio.
延伸閱讀
編輯- Ascher, K. The Politics of Privatization: Contracting-Out Public Services. New York: St. Martins, 1987
- Curran, D. J. "Destructuring, Privatization, and the Promise of Juvenile Diversion: Compromising Community-Based Corrections." Crime & Delinquency (v. 34/4, 1988)
- Kassebaum, G. et al. Contracting for Correctional Services in the Community, Volume I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978
- Larivee, J. J. "Community Programs, A Risky Business: Community-Based Alternatives for Inmates in Need of Rehabilitation." Corrections Today (v. 55, 1993)
- Lindquist, C. A. "The Private Sector in Corrections: Contracting Probation Services from Community Organizations." Federal Probation (v. 44, 1980)
- Mays, G. & T. Gray. Privatization and the Provision of Correctional Services: Context and Consequences. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing, 1996.
- National Institute of Corrections. Privatizing Community Supervision (pp. 25–28). Longmont, CO: National Institute of Corrections, 1998
- Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention. Privatizing Juvenile Probation Services: Five Local Experiences. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1989
- Oldfield, M. "Talking Quality, Meaning McDonalds, the Market and the Probation Service." Probation Journal (v. 41/4, 1994)