科索沃戰役 (1389年) 編輯
科索沃戰役(塞爾維亞語:Косовски бој或Бој на Косову)發生於1389年6月28日(舊曆6月15日),為一場鄂圖曼帝國與塞爾維亞及波士尼亞之間的戰役。
科索沃戰役 | |||||||
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鄂圖曼帝國於歐洲的征戰的一部分 | |||||||
由Adam Stefanović於1870年畫的油畫《科索沃戰役》 | |||||||
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參戰方 | |||||||
鄂圖曼帝國 | |||||||
指揮官與領導者 | |||||||
穆拉德一世 † 閃電巴耶濟德 雅各布·切利比 |
帕利斯納的約翰 特奧多二世 †[7] | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
27,000–30,000人 更高估計為40,000人[8] |
12,000/15,000–20,00人 更高估計為25,000人 | ||||||
傷亡與損失 | |||||||
非常慘重[1][9] | 非常慘重[1][10] |
這場戰爭的歷史真確度仍然只是一個推測的結果,戰役的詳情只有很少或自相矛盾的證據證實。大部分的歷史學家覺得唯一能相信的就是這是鄂圖曼入侵者與早已住於該地的人所發生的一次衝突。此戰被認為是鄂圖曼帝國的立國之戰,雄踞巴爾幹半島一時塞爾維亞王國戰敗成為鄂圖曼帝國的附屬國。
在塞爾維亞,圍繞科索沃戰役產生了一系列的故事,通過民間文學和音樂流傳下來,即科索沃神話。
參註
編輯- ^ 移至: 1.0 1.1 1.2 (Fine 1994,第410頁)
Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.
- ^ (Emmert 1990,第?頁)
Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.
- ^ Waley, Daniel; Denley, Peter. Later Medieval Europe: 1250-1520. Routledge. 2013: 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8.
The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
- ^ Oliver, Ian. War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. 2005: vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2.
Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
- ^ Binns, John. An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. 2002: 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8.
The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Fine-1994-409-11
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Petta123
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Cox30
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Emmert 1991,第4頁.
- ^ Humphreys 2013,第46頁.
外部連結
編輯- The Kosovo Battle, Excerpts from various Encyclopediæ
- The events Surrounding the Battle of Kosovo 1389 and its cultural effect on the Serbian people (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) by Mark Gottfried
- The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) by Thomas Emmert
- The Kosovo Legacy (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) by Thomas Emmert
- The Battle of Kosovo Serbian Epic Poems (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) edited by Charles Simic