羅馬溫暖期

羅馬溫暖期是在公元前250年至公元400年，歐洲與北大西洋不同尋常的一段溫暖時期。有很多證據表明這一時期的存在，如古羅馬人在不列顛引種了葡萄園^[1]。在安納托利亞的Sagalassos遺址發現了橄欖油壓榨，而現在該地的氣候是不適宜喜溫的橄欖生長的^[2]。

泰奧弗拉斯托斯（公元前371年– 公元前287年）寫道：在希臘棗椰樹可以種植，但不能結果。這與現在的當地氣候一致。其它一些文獻片段也證實古希臘在公元前4世紀的氣候與現在相當。在帕提農神廟發現的數目年代學證據表明公元前5世紀的當地氣候與現代相若^[3]。義大利的公元前第3世紀末期的樹輪表明當時處於一個溫和氣候，所以漢尼拔的軍隊可以帶著大象翻越阿爾卑斯山^[4]。

"Roman Warm Period"這一說法出現於1995年一份博士論文中^[5]。1999年《自然》的一篇文章使得這一概念流行起來^[6]。

證據

冰川：1986年對阿爾卑斯冰川的研究表明公元100年至公元400年，與其前、其後相比是個非常顯著的溫暖期。^[7]

深海沉積：1999年基於深海沉積物粒度重建的洋流模式表明，羅馬溫暖期的峰值出現在公元150年^[6]。

參見

Patterson WP, Dietrich KA, Holmden C, Andrews JT. Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. March 2010, 107 (12): 5306–10. PMC 2851789  . PMID 20212157. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902522107.

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Scheidel, Walter; Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P. The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. 2007: 19. ISBN 0521780535.
Brown AG, Meadows I, Turner SD, Mattingly DJ. Roman vineyards in Britain: stratigraphic and palynological data from Wollaston in the Nene Valley, England. Antiquity. December 2001.
The History Of English Wine Production. English Wine Producers. [2011-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2007-04-02）.
Midlands and North Vineyard Listing. English Wine Producers. [2011-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-03）.
^ Scheidel, Morris & Saller 2007，第19頁
^ Scheidel, Morris & Saller 2007，第17頁
^ Scheidel, Morris & Saller 2007，第18頁
^ Patterson, William Paul. Stable isotopic record of climatic and environmental change in continental settings (Ph.D.論文). University of Michigan. 1995. OCLC 712737306. The Roman warm period though it has been suggested was responsible in part for advances in civilization, also had a dangerous side.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Bianchi GG, McCave IN. Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland. Nature. February 1999, 397 (6719): 515–7 [2012-09-22]. doi:10.1038/17362. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-19）.
^ Röthlisberger, F. 10,000 Jahre Gletschergeschichte der Erde. Sauerländer. 1986. ISBN 3794127978.

[grapes-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Scheidel, Walter; Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard P. The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. 2007: 19. ISBN 0521780535.
Brown AG, Meadows I, Turner SD, Mattingly DJ. Roman vineyards in Britain: stratigraphic and palynological data from Wollaston in the Nene Valley, England. Antiquity. December 2001.
The History Of English Wine Production. English Wine Producers. [2011-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2007-04-02）.
Midlands and North Vineyard Listing. English Wine Producers. [2011-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-03）.

[Scheidel19-2] Scheidel, Morris & Saller 2007，第19頁

[Scheidel17-3] Scheidel, Morris & Saller 2007，第17頁

[Scheidel18-4] Scheidel, Morris & Saller 2007，第18頁

[5] Patterson, William Paul. Stable isotopic record of climatic and environmental change in continental settings (Ph.D.論文). University of Michigan. 1995. OCLC 712737306. The Roman warm period though it has been suggested was responsible in part for advances in civilization, also had a dangerous side.

[Bianchi-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Bianchi GG, McCave IN. Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland. Nature. February 1999, 397 (6719): 515–7 [2012-09-22]. doi:10.1038/17362. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-19）.

[7] Röthlisberger, F. 10,000 Jahre Gletschergeschichte der Erde. Sauerländer. 1986. ISBN 3794127978.

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