翁奇語系

翁奇語系
翁奇語系
南安達曼語系
地理分佈	安達曼群島
譜系學分類	世界主要語系之一
分支	翁奇語加洛瓦語詹吉爾語 † 哨兵島語 ?
	–
Glottolog	jara1244
	; 翁奇語系的分布，1850年之前（圖1）與2005年（圖2）

翁奇語系（Ongan、Angan^[2]、南安達曼語系、Jarawa–Onge）是分布在安達曼群島南部的語系，由至少兩種語言組成。已知兩個現存語言是

翁奇語，96使用者（翁奇人，1997），主要為單語者
加洛瓦語，約200使用者（加洛瓦人，1997），單語
哨兵島語，據推測是哨兵島人的語言，有人認為屬於翁奇語系，但實際上幾乎沒有任何資料；估計有15–500使用者。
詹吉爾語於1895至1920年間滅絕，據載與加洛瓦語無法互通，但有明顯的相似之處。

外部關係

安達曼諸語言可分為2個語系：大安達曼語系與翁奇語系，以及一種幾乎沒有記載的哨兵島語。大安達曼語系和翁奇語系之間有類型學和形態上的相似，而幾乎沒有共同的詞彙。就連約瑟·哈羅德·格林伯格這樣的遠距比較研究者，也對安達曼語系的成立表示懷疑。^[3]

Juliette Blevins (2007)提出，翁奇語系與南島語系有遠緣關係，構成南島-翁奇語系。^[4]但這沒有得到其他學者的認可，無我 (2011)認為Blevins的證據「並不令人信服，儘管有些相似之處可能是接觸/借詞造成的。Hoogervorst (2012)也持類似觀點。^[5]^[6]Robert Blust (2014)認為Blevins的結論沒有數據支持：在前25個構擬中，沒有一個可用比較法構擬，Blust還認為語法比較也不成立。此外，Blust還引用了非語言學（如文化、考古與生物）證據反駁Blevins的假說。^[7]

構擬

兩種有據可查的翁奇語系語言比較接近，歷時構擬比較簡單：

原始翁奇語輔音對應^[8]^:163–164
原始翁奇語	*p	*b	*t	*d	*kʷ	*k	*ɡ	*j	*w	*c	*ɟ	*m	*n	*ɲ	*ŋ	*l	*r
加洛瓦語	p, b	b	t	d	hʷ, h	h	ɡ, j	j	w	c	ɟ	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	l	r
翁奇語	b	b	t, d	d, r	kʷ, h	k, ɡ	ɡ, Ø	j	w	c, ɟ	ɟ	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	l, j	r/j/l, Ø

原始翁奇語開音節元音對應^[8]^:163–164
原始翁奇語	*i	*u	*a	*e	*o	(*ə)
加洛瓦語	i	u	a	e, ə, o	o	(ə)
翁奇語	i	u	a	e, ə, o	o	(ə)

*ə傾向於是*e在鼻韻尾前的同位異音。

語法

翁奇語系語言是黏著語，有豐富的前後綴系統，還擁有與眾不同的名詞分類系統。^[9]^[10]名詞、形容詞會據與之相關（基於形狀或功能）的身體部位加前綴。^[11]身體部位詞彙具有不可讓渡的領屬性，需要加領屬形容詞前綴，這個身體部位詞才能成立。例如不能單說「頭」，必須說「我的頭、你的頭」云云。^[11]

翁奇語代詞：

我/我的	m-	我們/我們的	et-, ot-
你/你的	ŋ-	你們/你們的	n-
他/她/它/他的/她的/它的	g-	他們/他們的	ekw-, ek-, ok-

還有不定前綴ən-, on-「某人的」。加洛瓦語沒有複數系列，但單數非常接近： m-, ŋ-或n-, w-, ən-。由此，Blevins構擬原始翁奇語*m-、*ŋ-、*gw-、*en-。

根據現有資料，安達曼語言只有兩個基數詞：1和2。他們所有的數詞分別是（翻譯為漢語）：1、2、多一個、一些、全部。^[10]

另見

原始翁奇語詞表（維基詞典）

參考文獻

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Jarawa–Onge. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ Abbi, Anvita. 2013. A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language. Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages, Volume 4.
^ Greenberg, Joseph (1971). "The Indo-Pacific Hypothesis." Current Trends in Linguistics Vol. 8, ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok, 807.71. The Hague: Mouton.
^ Blevins, Juliette, A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics, 2007, 46 (1): 154–198 [2023-11-30], S2CID 143141296, doi:10.1353/ol.2007.0015, （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-12-26）
^ van Driem, George. Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien homelands. N.J Enfield (編). Dynamics of human diversity: the case of mainland Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 2011 [13 November 2021].
^ Hoogervorst, Tom. Southeast Asia in the ancient Indian Ocean world: combining historical linguistic and archaeological approaches (學位論文). University of Oxford. 2012 [2021-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-13）. Nevertheless, it is conceivable that some of the given forms are genuinely related, though better explained as loans than common inheritance (p. 91).
^ Blust, Robert (2014). "Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages", Oceanic Linguistics 53:2:300–391. "To put it bluntly, the AON hypothesis is a castle built on sand, an elaborate illusion fostered by the misplaced hope that a major discovery has been made that somehow eluded the investigations of all other scholars."
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Blevins (2007).
^ Abbi, Anvita. Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands. Lincom Europa. 2006. ISBN 978-3-89586-866-5.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Temple, Richard C. A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, Being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Port Blair: Superintendent's Printing Press. 1902.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Burenhult, Niclas. Deep Linguistic Prehistory with Particular Reference to Andamanese. Working Papers, Lund University, Dept. Of Linguistics. 1996, 45: 5–24.

閱讀更多

Das Gupta, D. and S. R. Sharma. A Handbook of the Önge Language. Anthropological Survey of India: Calcutta 1982.
E. H. Man, Dictionary of the South Andaman Language, British India Press: Bombay 1923.
Senkuttuvan, R. 2000. The Language of the Jarawa: Phonology. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Culture, Youth Affairs, and Sports, Dept. of Culture.
Sreenathan, M. 2001. Jarwa - Language and Culture. Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Culture, Government of India, Kolkata

外部連結

Freelang Onge Dictionary （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Jarawa–Onge. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[2] Abbi, Anvita. 2013. A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language. Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages, Volume 4.

[Greenb-3] Greenberg, Joseph (1971). "The Indo-Pacific Hypothesis." Current Trends in Linguistics Vol. 8, ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok, 807.71. The Hague: Mouton.

[4] Blevins, Juliette, A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics, 2007, 46 (1): 154–198 [2023-11-30], S2CID 143141296, doi:10.1353/ol.2007.0015, （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-12-26）

[5] van Driem, George. Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien homelands. N.J Enfield (編). Dynamics of human diversity: the case of mainland Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 2011 [13 November 2021].

[6] Hoogervorst, Tom. Southeast Asia in the ancient Indian Ocean world: combining historical linguistic and archaeological approaches (學位論文). University of Oxford. 2012 [2021-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-13）. Nevertheless, it is conceivable that some of the given forms are genuinely related, though better explained as loans than common inheritance (p. 91).

[7] Blust, Robert (2014). "Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages", Oceanic Linguistics 53:2:300–391. "To put it bluntly, the AON hypothesis is a castle built on sand, an elaborate illusion fostered by the misplaced hope that a major discovery has been made that somehow eluded the investigations of all other scholars."

[FOOTNOTEBlevins2007-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Blevins (2007).

[Abbi06-9] Abbi, Anvita. Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands. Lincom Europa. 2006. ISBN 978-3-89586-866-5.

[Templ-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Temple, Richard C. A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, Being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Port Blair: Superintendent's Printing Press. 1902.

[Burenh-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Burenhult, Niclas. Deep Linguistic Prehistory with Particular Reference to Andamanese. Working Papers, Lund University, Dept. Of Linguistics. 1996, 45: 5–24.

[2]

[1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]