胡椒屬
胡椒科的一属植物
胡椒屬植物在經濟和生態方面都很重要,包括大約有1,000-2,000餘種,有草本、灌木、藤本甚至是小喬木,胡椒科植物既不屬於雙子葉植物也不屬於單子葉植物,和三白草科親源關係較近,在胡椒科內,胡椒屬和草胡椒屬的親源關係較近。
胡椒屬![]() | |
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P. magnificum | |
科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 木蘭類植物 Magnoliids |
目: | 胡椒目 Piperales |
科: | 胡椒科 Piperaceae |
屬: | 胡椒屬 Piper L., 1754 |
種 | |
1000–2000 | |
異名 | |
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胡椒屬植物分布在世界各地的熱帶地區,多數品種生長在熱帶雨林中,也有少數品種可以生長在比較開闊地帶或亞熱帶地區。
部分胡椒屬藤本品種在溫暖地區可以作為園藝品種,但胡椒屬的主要用途還是作為香料和蔬菜,人類最早在大約9,000年前就已經知道應用胡椒作為食品香料,主要用黑胡椒(Piper nigrum),此外像墨西哥葉胡椒(Piper auritum)、蓽澄茄(Piper cubeba)、長胡椒(Piper longum)、西非胡椒(Piper guineen)也常被應用。越南的羅洛胡椒(Piper lolot)以及東南亞的假蒟(Piper sarmentosum)葉子都是當地的蔬菜。胡椒屬許多品種還被許多地方作為當地的草藥使用。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pfeffer-Gew%C3%BCrz.jpg/220px-Pfeffer-Gew%C3%BCrz.jpg)
綠色鹽漬的熟種子
白色乾燥的熟種子
黑色乾燥的未熟種子
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Piper_grandifolium0.jpg/220px-Piper_grandifolium0.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Piper_longum_plant.jpg/220px-Piper_longum_plant.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Peppercorn.jpg/220px-Peppercorn.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Piper_officinarum1.jpg/220px-Piper_officinarum1.jpg)
主要品種
編輯胡椒屬植物在美洲有約700種,在東南亞有300餘種,在南太平洋有40多種,在非洲有約15種。[1]
- 蘭嶼風藤 Piper arborescens
- Piper achupallasense
- Piper aduncum
- Piper aequilaterum C.DC.
- Piper alwynii M. A. Jaram., 2023[2]
- Piper amalgo
- Piper angamarcanum
- 蘭嶼胡椒 Piper arborescens Roxb.
- 西藏胡椒 Piper arunachalense Gajurel, Rethy & Y. Kumar
- 卵葉胡椒 Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Miq.
- 墨西哥胡椒葉 Piper auritum
- 華南胡椒 Piper austrosinense Y. C. Tseng
- Piper azuaiense
- Piper baezanum
- Piper baezense
- Piper begoniiforme
- 蔞葉 Piper betle L.
- 苧葉蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium (Miq.) C. DC.
- 光軸苧葉蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium var. tonkinense C. DC.
- 復毛胡椒 Piper bonii C. DC.
- 大葉復毛胡椒 Piper bonii var. macrophyllum Y. C. Tseng
- Piper borneense
- Piper brachipilum
- Piper brachystylum
- Piper bullatifolium
- Piper caldense C.DC.
- Piper callejasii W. Trujillo & M. A. Jaram.[3]
- Piper campii
- Piper caninum , SE Asia to Australia, Common pepper, Native pepper in Australia.
- Piper candollei
- 華山蔞 Piper cathayanum M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
- Piper cenocladum – "ant piper"
- 長果胡椒 Piper chaba
- 勐海胡椒 Piper chaudocanum C. DC.
- Piper chimborazoense
- Piper chimonanthifolium Kunth
- 中華胡椒 Piper chinense Miq.
- Piper clathratum
- Piper claussenianum
- Piper coeloneurum
- Piper cordulatum
- 蓽澄茄 Piper cubeba
- Piper cutucuense
- 大苗山胡椒 Piper damiaoshanense Y. C. Tseng
- Piper darienense – duermeboca (巴拿馬), kana (Kuna)
- Piper decurrens
- Piper densiciliatum
- Piper diffundum
- Piper disparipilum
- Piper distigmatum
- Piper dodsonii
- Piper entradense
- Piper eriocladum
- Piper eustylum
- Piper fallenii
- 琉球胡椒 Piper ferriei C. DC.
- Piper fimbriulatum
- 黃花胡椒 Piper flaviflorum C. DC.
- Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth
- Piper glabratum Kunth
- Piper grandifolium
- Piper gualeanum
- Piper guayasanum
- 西非胡椒 Piper guineense
- 海南蒟 Piper hainanense Hemsl.
- 山蒟 Piper hancei Maxim.
- 哈曼氏胡椒 Piper harmandii C. DC.
- Piper hillianum C.DC.
- Piper hispidinervum
- 河池胡椒 Piper hochiense Y. C. Tseng
- Piper huigranum
- Piper hydrolapathum
- Piper hylebates
- Piper hylophilum
- Piper imperiale
- 沉果胡椒 Piper infossum Y. Q. Tseng
- 疏果胡椒 Piper interruptum Opiz
- 尖峰嶺胡椒 Piper jianfenglingense C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan[4]
- 風藤 Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi
- 恆春風藤 Piper kawakamii Hayata
- Piper kerrii Suwanph. and Y.Banchong, 2023[5]
- Piper kurzii Ridl.[5]
- 綠島胡椒 Piper kwashoense Hayata
- 大葉蒟 Piper laetispicum C. DC.[5]
- Piper lanatum Roxb.[5]
- Piper laevigatum Kunth, 1815
- Piper leptostachyum Wall. ex Miq.[5]
- Piper lhotzkyanum Kunth
- Piper lineatipilosum Yunck., 1959
- 陵水胡椒 Piper lingshuiense Y. C. Tseng
- 羅洛胡椒 Piper lolot C.DC., 1898
- Piper lonchites Roem. & Schult.[5]
- Piper longicaudatum
- 蓽拔 Piper longum L.,長胡椒
- Piper lucigaudens
- Piper macrophyllum
- 粗梗胡椒 Piper macropodum C. DC.
- 麻根 Piper magen B. Q. Cheng ex C. L. Long & Jun Yang[6]
- Piper magnificum – Lacquered Pepper
- Piper malacophyllum (C.Presl) C.DC.
- Piper manabinum
- Piper marginatum
- Piper mekongense
- Piper mendezense
- Piper mestonii
- Piper metallicum Hallier f., 1896
- 卡瓦胡椒 Piper methysticum Roxb.,為Piper majusculum Blume的異名
- Piper mexiae (Trel.) Trel. & Yunck., 1950
- 柄果胡椒 Piper mischocarpum Y. C. Tseng
- Piper molliusculum Sodiro, 1900
- 墨脫胡椒 Piper motuoense X.W.Qin, F.Su & C.Y.Hao, 2024[7]
- 短蒟 Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
- 變葉胡椒 Piper mutabile C. DC.
- Piper nanegalense
- Piper napo-pastazanum
- Piper nebuligaudens
- 黑胡椒 Piper nigrum L.,胡椒
- Piper novae-hollandiae Giant Pepper Vine - 澳大利亞
- 裸果胡椒 Piper nudibaccatum Y. Q. Tseng
- 彩脈胡椒 Piper ornatum N.E.Br., 1884
- Piper pachyphyllum – Mahalatsaka
- 角果胡椒 Piper pedicellatum C. DC.
- Piper peepuloides Roxb.[5]
- Piper peltatum L., 1753
- Piper permucronatum Yunck.
- Piper perstrigosum Yunck., 1955
- Piper phangngaense Suwanph. and Hodk., 2023[5]
- 台東胡椒 Piper philippinum Miq.
- 屏邊胡椒 Piper pingbienense Y. C. Tseng
- Piper platylobum
- 線梗胡椒 Piper pleiocarpum C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
- 樟葉胡椒 Piper polysyphonum C. DC.
- 肉軸胡椒 Piper ponesheense C. DC.
- Piper porphyrophyllum
- Piper poscitum
- Piper prietoi
- Piper productispicum
- Piper pseudonigrum
- Piper pseudopothifolium C.DC.
- 毛葉胡椒 Piper puberulilimbum C. DC.
- 岩椒 Piper pubicatulum C. DC.
- Piper puyoense
- Piper quinchasense M. A. Jaram.[8]
- Piper regale
- 假蓽拔 Piper retrofractum Vahl
- Piper richardiifolium Kunth
- Piper rugocarpum Y.Banchong and Suwanph., 2023[5]
- Piper rostratum Roxb.[5]
- Piper rubronodosum
- Piper rubrovenosum
- 紅果胡椒 Piper rubrum C. DC.
- 西貢胡椒 Piper saigonense
- Piper saloyanum
- Piper san-miguelense
- 假蒟 Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
- 斜葉蒟 Piper senporeiense Yamam.
- Piper schuppii
- 塞席爾胡椒 Piper seychellarum
- Piper skutchii
- Piper smitinandianum Suwanph. & Chantar. [5]
- Piper sodiroi
- 短柄胡椒 Piper stipitiforme C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
- Piper stipulosum
- Piper subaduncum
- 多脈胡椒 Piper submultinerve C. DC.
- 狹葉多脈胡椒 Piper submultinerve var. nandanicum Y. C. Tseng
- Piper subnitidifolium
- 緣毛胡椒 Piper semiimmersum C. DC.
- 半透明胡椒 Piper semi-transparens C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan[9]
- 滇西胡椒 Piper suipigua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
- Piper supernum
- 銀葉胡椒 Piper sylvaticum Roxb., 長柄胡椒
- 台灣胡椒 Piper taiwanense T. T. Lin & S. Y. Lu
- Piper tectonifolium Kunth
- 球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii (C. DC.) Hook. f.
- 小葉球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii var. microphyllum Y. C. Tseng
- Piper trachyphyllum
- Piper translucens Yunck.
- Piper triandrum F.Muell.
- 三色胡椒 Piper tricolor Y. C. Tseng
- Piper trioicum
- Piper truman-yunckeri
- Piper truncatum Vell.
- 瑞麗胡椒 Piper tsengianum M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
- 粗穗胡椒 Piper tsangyuanense P. S. Chen & P. C. Zhu
- 大胡椒 Piper umbellatum L.
- Piper unguiculatum
- Piper valladolidense
- Piper verrucosum
- 石南藤 Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz.
- Piper warakahoura
- Piper wibomii
- Piper wightii
- 盈江胡椒 Piper yinkiangense Y. C. Tseng
- 蒟子 Piper yunnanense Y. C. Tseng
- Piper zarumanum
注釋
編輯- ^ Jaramillo, M. Alejandra, Phylogeny and Patterns of Floral Diversity in the Genus Piper (Piperaceae), American Journal of Botany, 2001, 88: 706 [2010-01-29], PMID 11302858, doi:10.2307/2657072, (原始內容存檔於2010-06-30)
- ^ M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2023. Piper alwynii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Cordillera del Cóndor at the Border of Peru and Ecuador. Novon, A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. DOI: 10.3417/2023862
- ^ William Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo Trujillo and M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2021. Piper callejasii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Eastern Slopes of the Andes, Northern South America. Novon. 29: 200–205. DOI: 10.3417/2021659
- ^ Chao-Yun Hao, Xiao-Wei Qin, Le-He Tan, Li-Song Hu, Gang Wu, Shui-Xing Luo, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2017. Piper jianfenglingense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Hainan Island, China. Phytotaxa. 331(1); 109–116. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.331.1.9
- ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Chalermpol Suwanphakdee, David A. Simpson, Trevor R. Hodkinson and Pranom Chantaranothai. 2020. A Synopsis of Thai Piper (Piperaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 48(2), 145-183. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2020.48.2.08 引用錯誤:帶有name屬性「Suwanphakdee」的
<ref>
標籤用不同內容定義了多次 - ^ 麻根——珍稀民族香料植物新种. NSII. [2023-02-18]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-18).
- ^ Fan Su, Xiao-Wei Qin, Rui Fan, Lin Yan, Xun-Zhi Ji and Chao-Yun Hao. 2024. Piper motuoense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Xizang, China. PhytoKeys. 238: 85-94. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.115494
- ^ M. Alejandra Jaramillo, Dayro Rodríguez-Duque and Magda Escobar-Alba. 2023. A New Species of Piper (Piperaceae) with peltate leaves from Serranía de las Quinchas, Colombia. PhytoKeys. 227: 9-24. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.227.101405
- ^ Chao-Yun Hao, Bao-Duo Wu, Xiao-Wei Qin, Gang Wu, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2020. Morphological and Molecular Evidence for A New Species from China: Piper semi-transparens (Piperaceae). Phytotaxa. 429(3); 191–199. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.429.3.1
外部連結
編輯- 圖片和描述等 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- 《中國植物》中的胡椒科 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- 《北美洲植物》中的胡椒科 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- NCBI分類中的胡椒科 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- 泰國胡椒品種 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
參考文獻
編輯- Dyer, L.A. & Palmer, A.N. (2004): Piper: A model genus for studies of evolution, chemical ecology, and trophic interactions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. ISBN 0-306-48498-6
- Ecocyber (2008): Tropical Root Crops. Retrieved 2008-JUL-15.
- Gorman, Chester F. (1969): Hoabinhian: A pebble tool complex with early plant associations in Southeast Asia. Science 163(3868): 671-673. doi:10.1126/science.163.3868.671 (HTML abstract)
- Gorman, Chester F. (1971): The Hoabinhian and After: Subsistence Patterns in Southeast Asia during the Late Pleistocene and Early Recent Periods. World Archaeology 2(3): 300-320. HTML abstract and first page image
- International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (2007): 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). IUCN, Gland.
- Lim, S.T.; Dragull, K.; Tang, C.S.; Bittenbender, H.C.; Efird, J.T. & Nerurkar P.V. (2007): Effects of Kava Alkaloid, Pipermethystine, and Kavalactones on Oxidative Stress and Cytochrome P450 in F-344 Rats. Toxicological Science 97(1): 214-221. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm035 PMID 17329236 PDF fulltext
- Parkinson, John (1640): Theatrum Botanicum: the Theater of Plants, etc. T. Cotes, London.
- Solomon, Charmaine (1998): Cha Plu. In: Encyclopedia of Asian Food. Periplus Editions. HTML fulltext (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Sorrentin, L.; Capasso, A. & Schmidt, M. (2006): Safety of ethanolic kava extract: Results of a study of chronic toxicity in rats. Phytomedicine 13(8): 542-549. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.006 PMID 16904878 (HTML abstract)